Largesse :: Essays Papers

Largesse The idea of chivalry encompasses the virtues of truth, honor, courage, kindness, loyalty, and valor. Combining this and many early(a) benevolent traits make the ideal knight. Being a knight means something more than just armor, weaponry, and a good horse. It is about a code. This code of a knight is what sets him apart from the rest of the world, defining him and the beliefs he alone stands for. A knight is bounded by honor and valor usu tout ensembley to his king, his country, and his god. In a sense, a knight is the ideal man in all aspects, physically and mentally, and as part of his characteristics exists this thing called largesse. Largesse in simple terms is generosity, the benignity of giving. Now, this did not merely mean giving money to the poor or to the church. Largesse encompasses a larger spectrum, in a sense, that makes him better able to walk the line between mercy and cold justice. One can say at one end of the spectrum is the lavish giving to the need of his vassals and allies, and at the opposite end is the giving to his king and country. At any means, great honor can be won by the open-handed noble who sees no gluttony, but smooth generosity to those among him. From Leon Gautiers Chivalry, one finds chivalry defined by prowess, loyalty, generosity, judgment, courtesy, and honor. Included with this is the 10 commandments, particularly the IX commandment--thou shalt be generous, and give largesse to everyone. For instance, in the Poem of the Cid, Rodrigo Diaz of Bivar is exiled by his King Alfonso. Along the Cids journey, he conquers many places and acquires vast wealth. Not only does he give amply to his men but also to the King Alfonso who banishes him. The Cid places the necessarily of others above his own, being charitable to others and giving to those in need, including his enemy. Those who joined him into exile have all grown rich. The renowned Campeador gave them all, in Valencia, houses and f iefs with which they are satisfied they all have tasted of the Cids generosity. Those who joined him later are content also. This clearly exemplifies the true nature of chivalry and what it is to be a knight.

Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojos Writings :: Caribbean Race Racial Issues Essays

Michele driblet, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojos WritingsWith a focus on articles written by Michele Cliff, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Sidney Mintz. Michelle Cliff, If I Could Write This on Fire, I Would Write This on Fire, and Abeng Antonio Benitz-Rojo, From plantation to woodlet Sidney Mintz, The Caribbean A Sociocultural Area On this island of Black and Brown, she had inherited her fathers green eyeswhich all agreed were her finest feature. Visibly, she was the familys crowning achievement, trust the outperform of both sides, and favoring one rather than the other. Much comment was made about here prospects, and how blessed Miss Mattie was to get herself such a granddaughter.The legacy of the plantation, the physical body struggle between dark and light skinned, the different lifestyles of city and country people, and the lack of a cohesive culture are all ideas toughed upon in the books of Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz, and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. The distinct differenc e in styles is what separates these writings. Cliff writes from the viewpoint of an islander, while Mintz and Benitez-Rojo write from a European point of view.All three authors begin by verbalise the history of the region in different ways. Mintz describes the Caribbean using nine distinct similarities, that he feels all islands have in common. He paints a reckon of explorers island-hopping and discovering characteristics of severally island. Mintz goes on by saying that the sole purpose for colonization was the plantation and the products of that plantation (mainly sugar). He continues by stating that the Caribbean is western society formed by European ideals and thoughts that were infused into the everyday life of the islands and its inhabitants. He says, that because of this heavy European influence, the Caribbean has no real culture. Its culture was formed by the teachings of European ideals and the remembered African tradition, which they brought over with them. Benitez-Rojo speaks of a pulse that is present in the Caribbean. He does not believe that there is a Caribbean culture. He does say that the people of the Caribbean have a certain measure to them. It is pulse that puts all the Caribbean peoples in the same boat, over and above separations imposed on them by nationality and race, it is rhythmnot a specific cultural materializationthat confers Caribbeanness.Cliff doesnt really go into a description of the whole Caribbean. She tells the story of a light skinned Jamaican named Clare.Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojos Writings Caribbean Race racial Issues EssaysMichele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojos WritingsWith a focus on articles written by Michele Cliff, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Sidney Mintz. Michelle Cliff, If I Could Write This on Fire, I Would Write This on Fire, and Abeng Antonio Benitz-Rojo, From plantation to Plantation Sidney Mintz, The Caribbean A Sociocultural Area On this island of Black and B rown, she had inherited her fathers green eyeswhich all agreed were her finest feature. Visibly, she was the familys crowning achievement, combining the best of both sides, and favoring one rather than the other. Much comment was made about here prospects, and how blessed Miss Mattie was to get herself such a granddaughter.The legacy of the plantation, the class struggle between dark and light skinned, the different lifestyles of city and country people, and the lack of a cohesive culture are all ideas toughed upon in the writings of Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz, and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. The distinct difference in styles is what separates these writings. Cliff writes from the viewpoint of an islander, while Mintz and Benitez-Rojo write from a European point of view.All three authors begin by telling the history of the region in different ways. Mintz describes the Caribbean using nine distinct similarities, that he feels all islands have in common. He paints a picture of explorers is land-hopping and discovering characteristics of each island. Mintz goes on by saying that the sole purpose for colonization was the plantation and the products of that plantation (mainly sugar). He continues by stating that the Caribbean is western society formed by European ideals and thoughts that were infused into the everyday life of the islands and its inhabitants. He says, that because of this heavy European influence, the Caribbean has no real culture. Its culture was formed by the teachings of European ideals and the remembered African tradition, which they brought over with them. Benitez-Rojo speaks of a rhythm that is present in the Caribbean. He does not believe that there is a Caribbean culture. He does say that the people of the Caribbean have a certain rhythm to them. It is rhythm that puts all the Caribbean peoples in the same boat, over and above separations imposed on them by nationality and race, it is rhythmnot a specific cultural expressionthat confers Caribbeann ess.Cliff doesnt really go into a description of the whole Caribbean. She tells the story of a light skinned Jamaican named Clare.

The Evolution of Human Skin Color Essay -- Human Evolution, 2015

According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with natures challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characters of adapting to much(prenominal) challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can fulfil tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.Human beings are no excommunication to biological evolution. Like other organisms around the world, humans have significantly changed overtime and have developed all sorts of diverse characteristics. One noticeable characteristic of human beings is the interpretation of clamber color. Skin color has been used to identify, classify, and verify the variation that exists in the human population around the world. How did such a discrete variation arise and how did it play into adaptation?Ive often heard tha t humans came from monkeys, or something similar. It is true that humans ancestors were primates, who first resided in warm and jovial Africa they had similar features to todays apes, such as a hairy body. The purpose of the vast amount of hair was to protect the body from the suns ultraviolet (UV) rays and to prevent overheating, mainly by acting as a barrier for the skin underneath the hair (Jablonski, 598). Some parts of the body such as palms were not covered with hair, but with sweat glands. Sweat glands allowed the body to cool off via evaporation at the surface of the skin sweat glands were more(prenominal) efficient at thermoregulation. Overtime, early humans with a high amount of sweat glands were selected for since they had the best method at the time to keep themselves cool in warm environments (Kirchweger). This meant that overtime, humans lost most of their hair on their bodies, leaving their skin exposed. Sweat glands were going to help the body to cool down, but the y couldnt protect the skin from harmful UV rays. This is where melanin worked its magic, and its the reason for the diversity in skin color today.Melanin helps reduce the absorption of wavelengths into the skin (Chaplin, Jablonski, 59). The more melanin in the skin, the greater the protection against harmful UV rays, and the amount of melanin in the skin correlates with the skins color (more melanin means darker skin).... ...m all over the world, with all hues of skin colors. With interracial dating and marriages and more mixing of skin colors, there are multiracial children with various skin colors. Genetically, it enhances variation within the individual, but what about variation within the species? I heard a joke once that eventually in the future, everyone will be beige. Will everyone mix together to an extent that there will be little to no variation anymore, at least skin deep? Its an interesting concept to think of. At the moment, I believe that there is enough diversity wi thin the human species that we dont need to worry about the lack of variation in the adjoining future. For now, we can appreciate the diversity of skin colors that has allowed our ancestors to adapt to their environments and survive. It has allowed them to create a lineage of who we are today. Works Cited1) Chaplin, G. Jablonski, N. The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration. ledger of Human Evolution 39 (2000) 57-1062) Jablonski N. The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color Annual Reviews Anthropology 33 (2004) 585-6233) Kirchweger G. The Biology of Skin Color Discover 22 (2001)

NAMPEYO - Hopi Potter :: Essays Papers

NAMPEYO - Hopi Potter Nampeyo, the best potter of her time, helped revitalize the original form of Hopi pottery, Sikyatki. She developed her style from the traditional bowls, pots, jars, and water carriers of the Tewa and Walpi people, which were the tribes of her parents. Although, Hopi pottery had survived through many generations, it was scratch to disappear during Nampeyos youth. Nampeyo was credited for bringing the dying form of Sikyatki pottery back to life. She helped rekindle the interest of Hopi pottery into the lives of the consumer and her contemporaries. At the time of Nampeyos birth, Hopi pottery was indebted to the styles and designs of the Zuni people. The assume year or date of Nampeyos birth is unknown, provided thought to be between 1856 and 1860. In Hopi custom, the catchs mother, grandmother names the baby. So, Nampeyo was originally named Tcu-mana or Snake Girl, but the Tewa people call her Nampeyo, which she is known as today. Nampeyo and Tc u-mana are identical in meaning. She had three brothers leaving her the only girl in her family. One of Nampeyos brothers, Tom Polocca, would posterior play an influential role in helping her become discovered as an expert Hopi potter. It is unclear how and from who Nampeyo first learned the art of pottery. Two books on Nampeyos pottery, Kramers book Nampeyo and her pottery and Collins book Nampeyo, Hopi Potter, had different beliefs on who introduced Nampeyo to pottery making. Collins book says that Nampeyo learned the art of pottery from her grandmother. It goes on to say that when Nampeyo was younger she often went with her father to her grandmothers house where she sat and watched her make pottery until she was old enough to try it on her own. This would not be unlikely because the father still was a massive part of his original family and village and visited there often, since he now lives with his wifes family. In Kramers book, it is said that Nampeyo spent much t ime with her mother, from whom she learned the art of pottery making. At this time the Tewa people were the best known potters of the Hopi area. During her younger years she was only allowed to watch, but as she grew older her mother began letting her make pots on her own.

The Giant Clam :: essays research papers

The giant clam is known as a let down dwellingmollusk. The domestication factor has become of over commodious importance to theIndo-Pacific peoples. Mainly in the area of their diet. These huge clamsare huge targets for fishermen and can be found easily. With the crystal watercomplection of the reef waters they live in makes them even easier to be spottedby the fishermen an by poachers. The people of this region feast every partof the flesh of the animal. They either dry, cook, or eat them raw. InTaiwan there has been a large illeagal industry of selling these huge clams.With a demand of somewhere around 100 tons of the meat a year that isworth around $7.50-$21.25 a kilogram at the dockside of Taiwan. It isbeing gravely poached by foreigners and the population of the giant clamis decreasing. The reefs that they live on are also being severely damagedand destroyed in large amounts. The giant clam has been eliminated fromthe areas of Indonesia and the Phillippines. The species Tri dacnid gigas andthe Tridacnid derasa are the most heavily hunted species. Tridacnid gigasare the largest of the giant clams. They grow to around a meter in lengthand enumerate around 300 kilograms. These particular clams are hermaphroditeswhich reach sexual maturity at around five years of age. They spray outlarge numbers of their eggs and sperm into the seawater which then meetto form a free floating larvae. A large Tridacnid gigas has the abilityto release hundreds of millions of microscopical eggs in a single day, whichmakes it one of the most fertile marine invertebrates. However most of thefree floating larvae do not pull round during their one week planktonic period.The ones that survive settle on a patch of hard reef by means of a stickybyssal go and orient their fleshy mantles towards the sun. Theycontinue to grow their at a rate of around five to ten centimeters a year.But they are not arctic from other reef predators until they are around2.5 years old, which makes this large species hard to find.

The Giant Clam :: essays research papers

The giant horse is known as a reef dwellingmollusk. The domestication factor has become of macro importance to theIndo-Pacific peoples. Mainly in the ara of their diet. These huge clamsare huge targets for fishermen and can be found easily. With the crystal watercomplection of the reef water they live in makes them even easier to be spottedby the fishermen an by poachers. The people of this region eat every partof the flesh of the animal. They either dry, cook, or eat them raw. InTaiwan there has been a large illeagal industry of selling these huge clams.With a demand of somewhere around 100 slews of the meat a year that isworth around $7.50-$21.25 a kilogram at the dockside of Taiwan. It isbeing severely poached by foreigners and the population of the giant clamis decreasing. The reefs that they live on are also being severely damagedand destroyed in large amounts. The giant clam has been eliminated fromthe areas of Ind championsia and the Phillippines. The species Tridacnid g igas andthe Tridacnid derasa are the most intemperately hunted species. Tridacnid gigasare the largest of the giant clams. They grow to around a meter in lengthand weigh around 300 kilograms. These particular clams are hermaphroditeswhich reach sexual maturity at around five eld of age. They spray outlarge numbers of their eggs and sperm into the seawater which therefore meetto form a free floating larvae. A large Tridacnid gigas has the abilityto release hundreds of millions of microscopic eggs in a single day, whichmakes it one of the most fertile marine invertebrates. However most of thefree floating larvae do not survive during their one week planktonic period.The ones that survive mollify on a patch of hard reef by means of a stickybyssal threads and orient their fleshy mantles towards the sun. Theycontinue to grow their at a rate of around five to ten centimeters a year.But they are not safe from other reef predators until they are around2.5 years old, which makes this larg e species hard to find.

Computer Laboratory Monitoring System Essay

IntroductionMonitoring is the trunkatic collection and analysis of k right awayledge as a project progress. It is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a project or organization. It is based on targets set and activities planned during the be after phases of work. It helps to keep the works on track and force out let management know when things be going wrong. If done properly, it is an invaluable tool for good management, and it provides a social functionful base of evaluation. It enables in de endpointining whether the avai testing groundle resources be sufficient and atomic number 18 being well used, whether the capacity is sufficient and appropriate and whether doing the planned to do. chthonian observe we look at the process on organization could go through to design a monitoring system (Shapiro, 2008).Monitoring system is now in need by businesses and other industry. The system is introduces because of the arising problems and needs of different indus tries when it comes to maintenance of their facilities or equipments.With the use of such monitoring system, as explained by CMC industrial Electronics, operational efficiency is ensured. A apportion of time delaying errors such as mechanical, human or Symantec errors will be avoided. Efficiency is also the key in allowing the company to evolve and develop. As the saying, being too careful will provide quality service that everyone would want, but it would take up a lot of time. By having a monitoring system to follow, the company is able to save time and provide maximum assistance and satisfaction to all the employees and clients.In education, the calculator laboratory is usually monitored, Due to the high number of reckoners in a lab technicians are having difficulties in monitoring electronic reckoners. Institutions implement proper maintenance of computer laboratories with the help of a monitoring system. Iowa State University is an example. There are many computer labs on campus, including both public labs and college department labs. Public labs are brotherly to everyone at the university, funded by the student computer fee paid by all students and managed by the Computation Advisory Committee (CAC). Iowa State Universityuses monitoring system wherein problem experienced with hardware or software in a computer laboratory can be reported online.Computer laboratory monitoring system helps the instructors and the laboratory administrators to check and monitor all the hardware and software components of each computer inside a certain laboratory. Most of the computer laboratories are usually monitored in a manual way, they uses a logbook to list all their findings in a certain laboratory then an in charge mortal will confirm all the findings and make a solutions for the problems (Adamson, 2010).A computer laboratory, also known as a computer suite or computer cluster (a term also used for server clusters) is typically a room which contains many network ed computers for public use. Computer labs can be found in libraries, schools, government buildings, science labs, community centers, companies with IT departments that requires such a place for their employees to do their jobs, and research centers. They are distinct from Internet cafes in that the usage of the computer lab is typically free for those with access. Printers, scanners, and other peripherals may augment the lab setup.Inside a computer laboratory room, students are able to apply the things they have intimate during their lecture classes. A learning procedure called Hands-on is needed so that students can apply all the things that theyve learned during their lecture. This computer hands-on can open the mind of the students to help them to face the civilization in real world, its like an office training where in the instructors are the bosses and the students are the employees, these employees must come across a certain task given by their boss. This will serve as the ir preparation before they are going to the real field in work (Otis, 2010).Nowadays, it is very visible that gadgets are everywhere. People use these gadgets in their daily life. Old man or young man, poor or moneyed people have their own gadgets specifically a cell phone. Most of the people depend on their phone not only in communication but in other way just like the applications installed on it. Some of these cell phone applications are usedby the students, and some of these applications are made for school stuffs for their work. School stuff such as class instructors is using an application to do his work easier. According to Bucki (2010), a unsettled machination is a generic term used to refer to a variety of devices that allow people to access data and information from where ever they are. This includes cell phones and movable devices.According to an article in the website of ITBusinessEdge, an IT Business Edge Site, a mobile phone is a device that can make and receive t elephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area.It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, head-to-head base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as textual matter messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.In this study, the reseachers are going to develop and design a Colegio de Dagupan Computer Laboratory Monitoring System using Mobile Technology to improve the existing process in monitoring and recording the status of each computer laboratory.Colegio de Dagupan, formerly Computronix College, was first establi shed as a computer-electronics training center offering short term courses in computer programming and repairs. The institution provides different colleges and one of those is the College of reading and Computing Studies. The CHED also awarded the college as one of the Center of Development in Information Technology last 2007. Since the institution offers computer related courses, it provides computer laboratories for the students.Colegio de Dagupan uses the manual way of recording the result in monitoring their computer laboratories. The instructor uses a computer laboratory report form in reporting computer laboratory problem then submits the form to the technician to repair what has been reported however if the techniciancant solve the problem he will consult the administrator to find solutions and fix the problem accordingly. The technician will submit the report forms to be historied by the administrator then record the data at the logbook. Using their manual process, problems are encountered such as time consuming in requesting computer resource problems, delayed action in fixing computer problems, time-consuming, inefficient and unreliability in preparing technicians report.CdD-CLMS using Mobile Technology is necessary in Colegio de Dagupan in order to have a centralized repository for the problem reports slightly hardware and software defects and other problems they encounter. It will enable them to monitor the most problems occur, about hardware defects and other peripheral devices inside the computer laboratories and the causes.Assuming that all computer laboratory IT instructors are using android phones for reporting purposes The mobile serves as the main device for creating a report regarding computer laboratory problems and assuming that the router used by the school has a large network coverage. The router serves as a bridge to provide a connection between the Android phone and the server.Conceptual frameworkIn order to organize the way on how and why a project takes place and to understand its activities, prior research will be conducted. The developer has developed a conceptual framework that will be use to map and assess the research findings.The framework shown in Figure 1 identifies the stimulant drugs, activities or processes, the output and it shows the expected relationship among these components. The diagram of the framework summarizes how the study resumed to work.The input contains the existing manual process of Colegio de Dagupan in terms of monitoring computer laboratories, the hardware and software requirements in the development of the system and the functional requirements from the stakeholders.The process includes the methodological analysis used which is the RAD Methodology. By the use of this method, the proposed project will yield a faster, reliable and high-quality system that will meet the needs of the clients and users.

Sociology Evaluation of Method

One good aspect that my method had was that it every last(predicate)owed me to collect very in depth data, people were able to open up to me as it was unstructured interviews, I did have a problem with this though, as I didnt have wide-awake questions it was hard to comp be my participants points of views afterwards and by talking so in depth ab let out a sensitive subject like disarticulate things could determine out of hand, nonpareil of my participants even began to cry as she became very emotional.The location to do my interviews in were varied, some were good and some were bad, one of them I had to do in my room and privacy was hard to come by.In my opinion my results are unreliable, but I believe that when talking to people about something as private as this, results will always be this as people feel awkward and dont want a stranger, or somebody from outside of the family to write out their business.The participants I believe were the correct ones to interview and had en ough experience and met with my criteria, the problem which I found though was that I hadnt interviewed enough I only interviewed one of each that I wanted.I.e. ONE married couple, ONE cohabiting couple etc.If I had interviewed more people my results would have been more representative, I hadnt thought of this until after.The ingest method I used I thought was appropriate people knew that they could confide in me and no problems arose with this.If I were to repeat this upchuck I would defiantly change my method, I would do structured interviews as I believe that for my content and analysis it would be a lot easier to compare and that it is also realistic to get in depth data this way. I would also interview more people.Evaluation of findingsIn relation of my first aim, to find out whether divorce on the increase is really seen as a negative aspect of todays society I found that people do take divorce slight seriously than before but they dont give it less importance, I know thi s because nearly all of the couples I interviewed seemed slightly scared of divorce but would by and large consider it, I have found that, on contrary to my beliefs people dont rush into marriages and upright get divorced when they find that marriage isnt what they expected, couples nowadays play to cohabit first so that when they do get divorced they know it is the right thing to do, and the only way out.They cohabit to test their relationship, in roam to avoid divorce. Some couples do not marry because of the threat of divorce. I found that people who are more religious see divorce as a problem. I also found that people feel divorce can affect mental health, respondents stated that divorce is not good for your health.The reasons apt(p) for the rise of divorce including the fact that marriages are now based of love rather than expectations and the changing role of women.In relation to my second aim, to find out the main reason for more divorces I found that most people believe that it is due to women having more independence, less sexism. This was the one and only thing that all my participants had in common.My findings were similar to previous studies in this area such as Robert Chester who found that nuclear families would never stop existing he found that families would just change their forms. By having divorces this is what happens, children dont just stop having one of their parents, they still have both, the way in which families tend to be perceived just changes, cohabiting couples are on the up and so is divorce.People see divorce as something negative and positive at the same time, it affects you in both ways and people prepare this, they also know that divorce can give them a second start in life when most of their hope is gone.What was interesting about my project was that I was able to research on something that causes hundreds and thousands of people heartbreak and depression everyday but is also seen as normal, I learnt a lot from doing th is project, I used to think that people were just careless and got married and divorced as if it doesnt mean a thing, Ive found that this is not the case, although more people are getting divorced it doesnt mean that more people are getting married, people stand up for themselves more nowadays, and despite my previous beliefs people DO see divorce as a problem, but also as something positive. By doing this project I have learnt a lot.

Humanities: Art and Visual Arts Essay

The word humanities comes from the latin humanus, which means human, cultured and refined. To be human is to be have or show qualities like rationality, kindness and tenderness. It has different connotations in different historical eras. Today, however, we know of humanities as a loosely defined group of cultural bailiwick areas. Unlike other subjects, it is not a group of scientific or technical subjects. The Scope of liberal humanistic discipline The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It is consist of the opthalmic humanities, literary productions, drama and theater, music, and dance. 1. Visual ArtsThe visual arts sre those that we perceive with our eyes. It involve not only house painting and scratch but include such things as clothes, household appliances, and furnishing of our homes, schools, and buildings. They may be classified into two groups graphic arts (flat or two-dimensional surface) and plastic arts (three-dimensional). a. Graphic Arts Broadly, this term cover s any form of visual artistics representation, especially painting, drawing, photography, and the like or in which portrayals of forms and symbols are recorded on two-dimensional surface.Printers also use the term graphic art to describe all process and products of the printing industry. b. Plastic Arts This group includes all fields of the visual arts in which material are organized into three-dimensional forms. 2. Literature The art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistics and emotional cost is called literature. 3. Drama and Theater A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in anterior of an audience. 4. MusicThe art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody results from this sequence and harmony from the combinations. Music is both a creative and a performing art. The common forms are song, march, fugue, sonata, suite, fantasy, concerto and symphony. 5. Dance Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. Some important types include ethnologic, social or ballroom dances, ballet, modern and musical comedy. Method of Presenting of Arts Subject 1. Realism In painting, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is.Even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to make it clear. Realists try to be as documentary as possible. Here the artists important function is to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. However, in the process of selecting and presenting his material, he cannot help being influenced by what he feels or thinks. 2. Abstraction It means to move away or separate. Abstract art moves away from showing things as tey really are.The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really looked. The picture is not just like life. It is not realistic. This is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation thet he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea or his feeling about it. 3. Symbolism A symbol in general is a visible sign of something infrared such as an idea or a quality. It can be simply an emblem or sign like % to represent percent, a king of beasts to represent courage, a lamb to represent meekness.Fauvism This was the first important art movement of the 1900s. the fauves flourished as a group only from about 1903 to 1907 but their elbow room greatly influenced many later artists. Henry Matisse led the movement and other important fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, George Rouault, all from France. 5. Dadaism A protest movement in the arts was formed in 1916 by a group of artist and poets in Zurich, Switzerland. The Dadaist reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. 6. SurrealismThis movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 192 4 by the French poet Andre Breton. 7. Expresionism A manner of painting and sculpting in which natural forms and discolors are distorted and exaggerated. This method was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the twentieth century that is characterized chiefly by heavy, often BLACK lines that define form sharply contrasting over the vivid colors. 8. Impressionism A style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century characterized by short brisk strokes of bright color to create the impressionism of lighter on objects.It portrays the effect of experienced upon the consciousness of the artist and audience. Elements of Visual Art 1. Line It is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines of painting or sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is about. Line always have direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any work of art, may either be straight or curved. 2. Color Of all the elements of art, color has the most aesthetic appeal. Delight in color is a universal human characteristics.Color is a property of light. The light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. These colors are so blend that they yield no sensation of color. 3. Texture It is a color element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It has to do with the characteristics of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is best appreciated when an object is felt with the hands. It is found in all the visual arts. 4. PerspectiveIt deals with the effect of the distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye judges spatiaql relationships. It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. thither are two kinds of perspective linear and aerial perspective. To get depth or distance, an artist uses both linear and aerial perspective. 5. Space In painting, as in architecture, space is a great importance. The exterior of a building is seen as it appears in space, while the interior is seen by one who is inside an natural enclosure space. Painting does not deal with space directly.It represents space only on a two-dimensional surface. Sculpture involves verylittle space relationship or perception of space. 6. pattern Form applies to the over-all design of a work of art. It describes the structure or shape of an object. Form directs the movements of the eyes. Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies visual weight. 7. Volume The term volume refers to the gist of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to solidity or thickness. We perceive volume in two ways by contour lines or outlines or shapes of objects, and by surface lights and shadows.

Effects Of Mobile Phone On Youth Essay

The restless phone users have increased rapidly globally due to the development of the technology. It is now crucial part of majority of the lives of the youth. This is because at that place are so many applications available on the mobile phone these days. Therefore teenagers use their phones more often for their free time. Mobile phones bunghole in like manner lead to mobile phone addiction for the teenagers. It can similarly affect their health in a negative way. Mobile phones can easily charge teenagers education. Mobile phones can be very addictive to teenagers. This is because there are many things we can do with it, for example, playing games and going one a affectionate media websites. Being addicted to mobile phones can ruin the relationship between them and their family. This is because when they are addicted they usually dont come out of their elbow room and refuse to communicate with the family. Also when they do not have the access to the phone they feel like th ey have nothing else to do at home.The health of the teenagers can be negatively affected by using the mobile phones. The mobile phones ruin our eye sights due to the radiation that is emitted from it. Mobile phones can also ruin the postures of the teenagers. This is because majorities of the teenagers hold their phones just below their chests. Therefore they have to bend their neck downwards without even noticing it. This can affect our posture permanently. Mobile phones can affect the health of the teenagers without them realising it. Mobile phones can easily stick teenagers education. This is due to the mobility of the mobile phone.They can go to their classes at school with mobile phones in their pocket and use it without getting caught by the teachers. Also when they are studying by themselves and their friend text or call them they forget roughly the studying and just continue texting or talking to their friends. Therefore mobile phones can easily disturb the learning that they are required. Mobile phones can be helpful when we are communicating. However it can be addictive to teenagers and ruin their relationship with parents and it can affect their eye sights and postures negatively. Also it can easily disturb their education just by receiving a single message. In my point of view the majority of the teenagers require their parents to control their uses of the mobile phone.

Impact of Globalization Essay

It has gradually evolved from the 1970s after the advent of different forms of high speed transportation and communication to the age of information technologies around the millennium, to make a single unified community where all the major sources of various social conflicts have disappe ard (Scheuerman, 2010 and World Regional Geography, 2009). There are several slipway of be sphericalization. As defined by Dr. Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan (2006), Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities.The effects of Globalization are manifold. It influences industrial sector, pecuniary sector, labour markets and consumers of a particular country. On one hand it gives rise to more jobs and industries, however, on the opposite hand, countries are becoming dependant on the other country for a specific product/raw material. Additionally, because of outsourcing jobs from authentic ec onomy are being transferred to the developing economy, which has a negative effect on the developed economy and positive on the developing economy. 2. 2 Consumer Packaged Goods and GlobalizationConsumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are sold at relatively low price and are non durable goods like grocery items, soft drinks etc. Large CPG manufacturer has an advantage of strong brands, greater geographical coverage and having major retailers. CPG industry is change by the change in fashion, fads and consumer preferences, which in bit effects the purchasing decision of a consumer. Therefore, I believe that in the fast and ever changing world of Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) it is imperative to discuss the effects of globalization on this industry.Additionally, there is immense pressure and intense competition between the manufacturers globally to fulfill the demand of consumers. 2. 0 Impact of Globalization on CPG Industry 3. 3 Costs and Benefits of Globalization on CPG Industry There are d iverse ways in which globalization impinge on CPG industry. Some are beneficial for the industry and some arent. The good side of globalization is explained as follows a. Profits from emerging markets Procter and Gamble in year 2006, showed a total sales of US $ 68 billion, out of which US $ 21 billion was from emerging markets.Additionally, from 1992 to 2006, globalization has boosted the American economy by US $ one trillion in Gross Domestic Product (Veiders, 9th July 2007, Supermarket news). b. Consumers advantage The consumer gets the advantage of choosing from wide variety of goods, in addition to the comparative advantage. Additionally, the offshore markets are producing goods at a price which is lower than the domestic production of a particular country. Though this is an advantage to the consumer, this could obstruct production and associated profits in some countries (Oline Thompson, 2006, CPG Manufacturing) c.Foreign capital access Foreign capital access is the main dri ving force of globalization. This in turn increases the investment power of a particular country to produce better produce economically (13th February, 1996, WTO News (press releases). The other side of globalization illustrates some problems go about by CPG Industry a. Cultural disparity A product that might be a necessity in one country might non be even known or used in the other, which would have a negative effect on the CPG industry while trying to gain its use in a particular country.To cite a salient example, Brazilians usually dont have breakfast, because they sleep late at darkness and consumers in China for breakfast eat hot, soft and savoury, while the North Americans love cold, crunchy and sweet breakfast. This was the difference analyzed by Kellogg Company in 2007 (Veiders, 9th July 2007, Supermarket news). b. Global Competition In this fast paced environment any CPG company have to constantly innovate and differentiate their product, to maintain or increase their m arket share. all(prenominal) year large number of new products are being roduced and capture the shelve space of the existing labels and compete with them.

My favorite quotation of St. Augustine

The world is a book and those who do not travel assume only hotshot page. ? Augustine of Hippo. This was my favourite quotation of St. Augustine, through my high school years we are taught about his life, journeys and teachings. I have live a Augustinian life, world a follower of Christ he is the one behind all in all of my success and failures. I may not be one of the best students from my cumulation but at least one time I have proven that I take a crap my best.Yes, I have proven myself and before that happens I close failed, lost hope and even give up but courage to prove myself become my persuasion for not giving up to achieve all the success in education and in life. A teacher told me about inventing or improving a scientific investigatory project, which me and my group mates once studied and improve. While doing this we struggle searching for parts and materials we pauperization to complete our product. Its almost two weeks before the deadline but there is still a par t of our project missing.We almost lost our hope submitting our project but yet my classmate broke her calculator and weve found the exact material that we need to complete this project. After inserting the material needed, finally it worked. Then, we have a week to finish the paper and ask some people to react about our express project. Some questioned it and some thought that it was amazing and good because we can lessen the use of electricity and benefit the solar heat from the sun.On the day of the debut we have to face our teacher and defend our product made, who would thought that weve got the highest grade among the class and have the chance to compete in the congress? We never did, it was one of the successful moments for me in my secondary level. In the science congress, we tried our best to win, impress the judges and encourage the audience to see our product and vote for it. Our competitors besides has cool, different and creative inventions or innovations.Though we ne ver succeeded on to win the science congress, I still felt happiness and contented just by submitting our project and getting those grades. This is one achievement, I think I had not because Ive got a high grade, but because I have work on it hard and make everything in it creative and different. I want to achieve more, and I think by entering the University this institution will help me take on more achievement and train me more to become creative.I could tell also that it is not just pure creativity that we need in send to finish one project, it could also be team work. Life could be a tough road to travel through but if we dont face the tough road we can never extend our talent and creativity. Our day to day experience is a daily lesson we must understand. We may give up but we can never achieve success if we easily loose hope.

What Are the Qualities That an Ideal Person Should Cultivate?

What atomic number 18 the qualities that an ideal person should cultivate, possess, and practice according to Confucius? 1. introduction In this paper, I will discuss what qualities should be cultivated, possessed, and practiced for an ideal person according to Confucius. Although Confucius regards hu homoness, wisdom, and courage as the prefatory threefold towards world a junzi (superior man/ideal person, ), there has been an ongoing disagreement among scholars regarding the qualities that are needed to become an ideal person or a junzi.I shall accomplish my purpose by offset providing a underlying background of information on the topic, then identifying two conflicting adaptations of the qualities that are demand by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim, adding my own overcritical response, and lastly offering my resolution using Antonio S. Cuas interpretation on the topic. I will use Confucian analects (1895) by James Legge as my primary source, along with Junzi as a Tragic Pers on A Self Psychological Interpretation of the Analects (Ahn, 2008), Confuciuss Aesthetic Concept of formal Man Beyond Moralism (Ha, 2006), and Virtues of Junzi (Cua, 2007) as my secondary sources. . Background Information According to Chinese tradition, Confucius is one of the most outstanding thinker, political figure, educator, philosopher, and the founder of the Ru (? ) inculcate of Chinese thought. Our textbook The Eastern Paths to Philosophic Self-Enlightenment An introduction to Eastern Philosophies (2002) written by Professor Phan testifys out that Confuciuss thoughts are preserved in the Lunyu ( ) or the Analects, which is one of the Four Books. It is worth noning that the Analects was not written by Master Kong Zi (Confucius, himself, but complied by his close disciples when they recollected his sayings after Confuciuss death. Defined by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confuciuss teachings create the foundation on most of subsequent Chinese speculation on the educ ation and comportment of the junzi ( ), and how such an individual should proceed his life, interact with opposites, and the types of society and government in which he should participate. On one hand, in 1420, the Master said, The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it.Virtuous, he is drop from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold he is free from fear. While on the other hand, scholars have assay to interpret the qualities of junzi differently. In the next section, I shall examine the conflicting interpretations of Ahn and Kim. 3. First Interpretation by Hosung Ahn A. Background on Confucianism and Psychological Connotations of Junzi In Ahns article, he provides historical background information on Confucianism being the most efficient ideological means of medieval and modern authoritarian governments in China and Korea (Ahn, 2008).Yet, Ahn argues that in the course of quoting Weber (1968), Confucianism and Daoism could not be introduced in to modern capitalism due to their thisworldliness. Ahn depicts Confucianism as one of the major hindrances in the road toward modernization and industrialization and considers Confucius as a stubborn and conservative moralist whose ethical codes were oppressive. By introducing Heinz Kohut, an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst, Ahn compares Kohutian psychoanalysis such as self- psychology with Confucianisms ideal person in the Analects.Ahn provides the basic background information in the purpose of identifying Confucianism as being neither sophisticated nor systematized yet, Ahn suggests that the Analects could be interpreted as a pre-psychoanalytic self-psychology owing to the ample self mental insights in the Analects. Ahn then defines junzi as a prince literally and a gentleman ordinarily, and that in Confucianism, a junzi is a noble person who attempts to discharge Confucian cardinal salutarys in concrete human relationships at any cost.A junzi has often been considered a conformist or a conservative (Ahn, 2008). Furthermore, Ahn states that Confucianism being launch as an ethical and political orthodoxy in Korea was a rigid and authoritarian formalistic, and of which courtesy, rituals, and humanity were the fundamental standards of being a junzi (see Shun 2002). B. Ahns Thesis In this article, Ahn (2008) specifically points out that a junzi is a tragic person in the Kohutian sense. Like a tragic person, a junzi follows his or her ideals with values profoundly anchored in oneself even at the expense of ones death. Ahn thinks the most important standards of being a junzi are courtesy and rituals he states that, Confucius himself severely criticizes the externalized beauty and importance without the internalized quality of character (Ahn, 2008). Most importantly, Ahn addresses that the nub characteristic of the Kohutian tragic person is almost identically expressed in the Analects humanity (ren, ? ), which is the ultimate virtue of Confucianism a nd that a junzi would rather die than giving up his or her ideals and values which Ahn refers to as strikingly similar to Kohuts definition of a tragic person.In wrong of Ahns arguments for supporting his claim, he brings out the topic of xiaoren (small man, ) and defines it as those whose ideals and values are superficially situated on the psyche as compared to junzi in the Analects (Ahn, 2008). Ahn then identifies the difference betwixt a xiaoren and a junzi employing Confuciuss saying, The gentleman (junzi) is conversant with righteousness the small man (xiaoren) is conversant with profit (Analects, 4. 16). Ahn points out that because a xiaoren focus on what is beneficial to him or her whole, he or she cannot but be vulnerable to the external vicissitudes.Similarly, according to Kohut, a xiaoren would quickly and opportunistically adjust his or her convictions under the influence of external pressures (cited in Ahn, 2008) whereas a junzi is determined to adhere to the good (W ay) until death (Analects, 8. 13). Ahn then considers this determination as courage, and he quotes Kohut (1985) that The culminate stillness (in his death) achieved by the hero isthe ultimate ascendancy of a firm and life-affirming self (p. 27).Ahn further proves that Confucius has expressed the same idea done If a man in the morning hears the right way, he may die in the evening without regret (Analects, 4. 8). Thus, Hosung Ahn sum totalmarizes that a junzi, according to Confucius, is a person who searches for the achievement of a psychological synthesis at all costs (Ahn, 2008). In other words, Hosung Ahn interprets that Confucius thinks the quality an ideal person should cultivate, possess, and practice is the spirit of achieving a psychological synthesis or preserving his or her ideals and values at all costs. 4.Second Interpretation by Ha Poong Kim A. Background on Aesthetic Concept of a Noble Man In Kims article, he provides historical background information of the Analects being narrowly and moralistically interpreted. Kim points out that Confuciuss remarks such as from the Book of Songs and Music are commonly given an ethical meaning owing to the tradition of Confuciuss key term ren (humanness, ? ) as being an ethical term. Through offering a historical basis as a foundation, Kim attempts to broaden Confuciuss humanistic interpretation of ren as humanness or the human spirit.In details, Kim (2006) addresses that while the word ren only rarely occurs in the pre-Confucian literature, it is used in works such as the Songs and the (Book of) History, essentially as a synonym of ren. To demonstrate that Confuciuss teaching ren for the first time as the supreme principle of human existence and that Confucius is the discoverer of the human spirit in Chinese civilization, Kim introduces and explains other meanings and definitions of ren used in other Confucius or Mencius materials.Also, Ha Poong Kim offers the background information of one-dimensional image of the Confucian junzi as a rigid moralist, a man whose distinguishing mark is just a fastidious observance of li (rites, ? ) (Kim, 2006). With all the background information and explanation provided by Kim, he expresses the fact that some of Confuciuss sayings in the Analects are purely aesthetic and any attempt to moralistically interpret them distorts their meanings. B. Kims Thesis Kim (2006) agrees with the normativity of Confuciuss concept of ren, yet he argues that the ground of its normativity is fundamentally aesthetic.In supporting his claim, Kim applies Confuciuss teaching Recognize beauty in abiding in ren. If one chooses not to stay in ren, how can one be considered to have bring home the bacon wisdom? (Analects, 41) Kim interprets this saying as Confucius stressing the cite of the beauty of ren as a necessary condition of human wisdom, which is equivalent to the awareness of the human spirit. Kim defines this recognition as an aesthetic awareness. Then, through appl ying Confuciuss saying To become a junzi Ru (noble scholar, ), not a xiaoren Ru (common scholar, (Analects, 611) Kim points out the difference amid a junzi and a xiaoren ultimately comes from the noble mans awareness of the beauty of ren, which the small man (xiaoren) lacks. Kim explains that since a junzi has this aesthetic sensibility of humanness, he of course desires, loves, and delights in ren and every manifestation of it. For the purpose of backing up Kims claim, he states Confucius believes that by studying the Songs, one would be best awakened, which then explains wherefore Confucius repeatedly urges his pupils to study the Songs.Kim argues that Confuciuss teaching is to help the students become a junzi, who is a lover of ren, through arousing humanness that is obtained through the study of music. In this event main argument, Kim (2006) summarizes that for Confuciuss spiritual awakening, specifically the aesthetic awakening to ren, is the presupposition of the educat ion of junzi. Without this wakening, the learner or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no field of study how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and regardless of how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. Next, Kim offers another(prenominal) important argument that during Confuciuss years of wandering from state to state in search of a good ruler, he rarely parted with his lute. Sima Qian, an old-fashioned Chinese historian, revealed that once, surrounded by two hostile armies, Confucius and his disciples ran out of provisions in the wilderness between the states of Chen and Cai. With some of his disciples falling ill and being unable to get up, Confucius calmly continued singing songs and plucking his lute.Kim regards Confuciuss act as a man capable of forgetting everything else while enjoying music. Thus, in Kims point of view, what fundamentally separates Confuciuss junzi from the rest of humanity is the junzis aesthetic sensibility to ren. In other words, Kim believ es that according to Confucius, the quality a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the aesthetic awareness. Nevertheless, Kim mentions that through stressing the junzi as an aesthetic man, he is not denying a junzis many-sidedness. 5. CritiqueI agree with Hosung Ahns claim regarding junzi as a noble person who attempts to actualize Confucian cardinal virtues, and that courtesy, rituals, humanness, and courage are important criterions of becoming a junzi. Moreover, I agree with Ahns claim that a junzi would follow his or her ideals and values deeply anchored in oneself even at the expensed of death. However, I strongly disagree with Ahns opinion of Confuciuss teaching or his classification of a junzi as a tragic person. In my point of view, Ahn has made an inaccurate interpretation of one Confuciuss saying from the Analects.In 48, Confucius teaches that If a man in the morning hear(s) the right way, he may die in the evening without regret. Ahn interprets this saying as Confuciuss advocating of a junzi who must search for achievements of a psychological synthesis at all costs (Ahn, 2008), and this remarkably resembles a tragic person. As the exercise we conducted in our philosophy class on textual hermeneutics of the Confucian Dao in the Analects, this Confuciuss saying represents the importance of the Dao (way, ? which according to Confucius, with the experience of hearing the Dao, one could die without regrets afterwards. Thus, this person or this junzi would be a happy person since he contains the very important factor Dao, and that he is absolutely not a tragic person as Hosung Ahn considers as. In terms of Ha Poong Kims interpretation of a junzi, I agree with Kim regarding the fact that Confucius repeatedly urges his disciples to study the Songs and Music because it would indeed help his pupils awaken and broaden their minds, enjoy the six arts, and commit to the Dao.I alike agree with Kim that a junzi is many-sidedness. What I do not agree with Kim is his differentiation of a junzi and a xiaoren through aesthetic awareness. As I mentioned above, Kim (2006) summarizes in this crabby main argument that without this wakening, the learning or scholar will remain a xiaoren Ru, no matter how well versed he may be in ritual subjects, and no matter how blameless he may be in his ethical conduct. In my opinion, apart from pointing out Confucius advocates his pupils to study the Songs and Music, Kim has not given sufficient evidence to support this claim.He has not shown any Confuciuss teaching that could demonstrate the fundamental difference between a xiaorens and a junzis aesthetic awareness, but rather Kim provides claims simply from his own exploration of Confuciuss thoughts. To further prove that Kims interpretation is inaccurate, there are many examples of junzi lacking of musical talents and xiaoren being extremely talented in aesthetic. In my opinion, Confucius does believe that music could change ones mind, adjust ones mood, smooth ones qi (energy) and etc. , but Confucius certainly does not identify a junzi from a xiaoren based on aesthetics. . Resolution inter pendant and Dependent Virtues of Junzi According to Antonio S. Cua, junzi is a paradigmatic individual who sets the tone and quality of the life of ordinary moral agents, and a junzi is a person who embodies ren (humanness, ? ), yi (righteousness, ? ), li (rites, ?). In addition, unlike Ahn or Kim, Cua recognizes that except the basic, inter aquiline, and cardinal virtues of ren, yi, and li, a junzi also involves particular dependent virtues such as filiality (xiao, ? ), magnanimity (kuan, ? ), trustworthiness (xin, ? ), and courage (yong, ? ).Cua regards these as dependent virtues in the sense that their ethical implication depends on connection with the basic, interdependent, and cardinal virtues and Antonio S. Cua further stresses that dependent virtues are not subordinate or logical derivatives of the basic virtues. In 1430, the Master said, The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties wise, he is free from perplexities bold, he is free from fear. As we interpreted in class that according to Confucius, to become a junzi, one must be morally good, intellectually wise, and psychologically brave.In my point of view, I highly agree with Cuas claim and I think although Confucius identifies humanness, wisdom, and courage as the superior mans three core virtues, interdependent virtues and dependent virtues work together to form the junzi. To clarify, Antonio S. Cua borrows Xunzis distinction, a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought, the cardinal virtues ren, yi, and li are generic terms, and dependent virtues such as xiao, kuan, xin, yong are specified terms.In other words, specified terms are terms that specify the concrete significance of the cardinal virtues in particular contexts of discourse (Cua, 2007). To demonstrate further, in the Analects, we could find fragments of Confuciuss remarks that mention twain cardinal virtues and dependent virtues in the same contexts. For example, thither were four things which the Master taught letters (wen, ? ), ethics (xing, ? ), devotion of soul (zhong, ? ), and truthfulness (xin, ? ). Confucius, The Analects, 7. 25And in 1428 we could find Confuciuss teaching of ren, zhi (wisdom, ? ), and yong (courage, ? ) in 319 li and zhong in 134 li, yi, and xin and so on. For heuristic purposes, Cua regards dependent virtues as two different groups supportive and constitutive virtues. Cua explains that the distinction between are that the former are genial or helpful, though not necessary, to the development of the cardinal virtues such as ren, yi, and li whereas the latter, are those that are both supportive and constitutive of the quality of the cardinal virtues actualized (Cua, 2007).Also, depending on th e character and temperament, a constitutive and supportive virtue varies, that is, what is merely a constitutive attribute in one person may be a supportive merit for another. Thus, Cua believes that Confuciuss idea of the junzi is flexible or adaptable, and I highly agree with him. To sum up, in my point of view, according to Confucius, what qualities a junzi should cultivate, possess, and practice is the unity of virtues that consists of ren, yi, and li as the basic cardinal virtues, and combining with other qualities such as xiao, yong, zhong, xin, kuan, etc.Depending on each different person and situation, the mapping of the virtues of junzi is in the distinction between basic, cardinal, interdependent and dependent, supportive and constitutive virtues, which may be referred to the way of the superior man is unityfold. 7. Conclusion On this paper, I provided background information of the topic I discussed and dissected two interpretations made by Hosung Ahn and Ha Poong Kim. In response to Ahns and Kims argument, I have made a personal critique that a junzi is not a tragic person and that a junzi is not required to possess aesthetic awareness.I then offered my resolution along with employing Antonio S. Cuas interpretation of this topic. In short, by presenting a map of junzis virtues that consists of both interdependent and dependent virtues it reveals that the Confuciuss conception of junzi is a unity of virtues with flexibility. Works Cited Ahn,Hosung. Junzi as a Tragic Person A Self Psychological Interpretation of the Analects. Pastoral Psychology, 57. 1/2 (2008) 101. Academic explore Premier. EBSCO. Web. 1 Apr. 2012 Confucius (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University, 3 July 2002. Web. 1 May 2012. Cua,Antonio. Virtues of Junzi. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 34 (2007) 125. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kim,Ha Poong. Confuciuss Aesthetic Concept o f Noble Man Beyond Moralism. Asian Philosophy, 16. 2 (2006) 111. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2012 Kohut, H (1985). Self psychology and the science of man.In Humanities and self psychology Reflections on a new psychoanalytic approach (pp. 73-94). naked York Norton. Legge, James. Confucian Analects. In Vol. I of Chinese Classics. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1895. Print. Phan, Cha? nh Co? ng. The Eastern paths to philosophic self-enlightenment an introduction to Eastern philosophies. Dubuque, Iowa Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. , 2002. Print. Shun, K. -L. (2002). Ren ? and li ? in the Analects. In B. W. Van Norden (Ed. ), Confucius and the Analects New essays (pp. 3-72). New York Oxford University Press. Weber, M. (1968). The trust of China (H. Gerth, Trans. ). New York Free Press. 2 . The numbering of the book/chapter of a passage from the Analects follows James Legges in his translation of the text (1895). 3 . The cited phrase comes from The religion of China by Weber, M. 4 . Ren ? and li ? in the Analect. Confucius and the Analects written by K. Shun, as cited in Hosung Ahns article.

Diversity in America Essay

Being in a diverse terra firma I learned ethnic groups went through a lot during slavery. The air minorities were discretioned in the byg oneness was torture no person should experience in their life judgment of conviction. I learned every extend has contrasting offices of appreciateing and beliefs they feel strongly about in their culture (Jiwani, 1996) . When it comes to existence a success some cultures feel you expect to be happy and positive to get to the top and some others disagree. main(prenominal) facts I extradite learned about my racial ethnicity is my culture arrive in the 19th light speed and they were unimaginative. They were not recognized on applications for employment (Jiwani, 1996) . My race did not give up and ignored the stereotyped that others thought of them. I also discovered my heritage celebrates in March and we are take awayed to be 2 years older than the average American. According to (Joel), 2010. In 2050 America result take over add ed 100 one million million million to its population (kotkin, 2010) . The fertility rate supposes to be less(prenominal) than ever before when the time comes. I think there will be less population having babies because of the recession going on in America. great deal in the U.S is suffering and struggling to make ends meet. There is too many babies starving in different countries including in the U.S. Americans are being laid off making minimum wage and it hard for them to rifle and take care of the children they defend now (Jiwani, 1996) . Older Adults have to live with their children now because they were unable to fol lowly out full benefits when they retired. Senior citizens are having such difficulty in right aways edict and have to live on social security checks that constantly raise the money than take it away leave them stuck. Fertility will decrease because America is already over populated now. The ch all(prenominal)enges America face when it comes to renewal i s prejudice and discrimination. Peoples lack of knowledge for other peoples culture and beliefs leaves a lot of Americans in the dark because of their ignorance.People who promote ignorance to their children, family, and chums about different cultures and beliefs will never have the privilege to see beyond the color of ones unclothe and religion (Jiwani, 1996) . No one is a similar and different groups think different of others who are not similar to them. I feel those who see everyone as equal have respect for others beliefs. Diversity in America brings problems and fighting between people who nauseate other because of their flake off color and beliefs. When hate is involved this brings on discrimination. Discrimination brings on hate crimesand hurting other people. People who hate other due to their race believe others groups are less then them.Stereotyping of ethnic groups assists continue the ignorance in society ways of thinking. The benefits of diversity are people of al l races, belief, and religion can continue to educate themselves about others. Society can learn to see beyond the color of ones skin and heritage. People will then get to know who an singular or group is by the way they interact with them. I have a friend as well as myself who face racism everyday because of the color of my skin. It hurts both of us at time but we have learned through the way we were taught to have pride and one self and throw our head up.Society can learn to see beyond the color of ones skin and heritage. People will then get to know who an individual or group is by the way they interact with them. I learned my culture was looked down for many of years until the government decided to consider us to join a race. They felt we finally was worthy of being recognized in the way to pick out diversity when it comes to culture in America. The people in the United States need to come unneurotic and stop trying to separate each other in groups. Teachers, parents, and ou r communities need to be open-minded to everyone no matter how they look, act, walk, or talk. There is no one perfect in America and if we can practiced realize no group or person from a different race is better than the other it may work. Hope is all I have and I want my children to see me as a positive role model and not a racist.I have always believed in being a fair person. I feel I have been treated in a implicate way from plenty of people because of my race but I believe in god and thats what helps me smile. People need to learn how to love one another instead of hate each other. Americans need to raise their children in the correct way by showing them its okay to play and be friend with other children who are different and of a different race. A lot of children I find today are afraid to play with other children who dont look like them because the way they were raised. I remember a time when I was little and I made a friend in class and she told me her mom said not to play with children of my race and if she did she will get in trouble. I was so confused until I went home and asked my mom and she explained to me about how the world viewed me. I then dumb and learned to ignore the ignorance of the way people made me feel or looked down on me because of myskin color. I always found my self trying to prove to others of a different race I was not the lazy person who grew up not wanting to work and make nothing of my life.I have learned I will face this discrimination until I die so I will have to work twice as hard to become a success in life. Media perpetuate prejudice and stereotyping in a negative way. When it comes to ethnic groups the media always show minorities committing crimes and robbing people (kareem, 2013) . Media help promote hate to people who has lack of education about minority groups so they feel they have a right to be ignorant. This kind of stereotyping makes people continue the hate in schools, communities, and on the internet. soc ial groups are always showed in the media living in low-income areas and they make it look like they are lazy, stupid, dangerous and unable to comprehend anything a smart person suppose to be intercourse or teaching them (kareem, 2013) .White Americans suppose to be ethnic peoples translators to explain what minorities are trying to say to them. Media promote appreciation for diversity in February when they want America to acknowledge minorities for more than being a problem in America (kareem, 2013) . I think its really contradicting whats being told for so long about minorities and really making ethnic groups look like a joke. I feel this way because they constantly try to make ethnic groups or a person of an ethnic group look bad. I feel the media tries to make it look like everyone in society is treated the same in America when this is not the case.When the media reports the news I see a low percentage of Black Americans reporting the news and when they do their talking abou t their own race to position them down. The way people In America can work together to reduce prejudice and accept diversity is by teaching their families in their homes and their neighbors how to embrace others who are not like them (kareem, 2013) . I will continue to treat others with respect and dignity. I will show those who come around me the same how to treat people of different cultures and beliefs and how they are equal to us.

Residual Stress

INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ON FATIGUE FAILURE OF ticket stub WELDED STAINLESS STEEL PIPE Areef A Department of Mechanical Engineering Chendhuran college of Engineering and technology Pudhukkottai, Tamilnadu emailprotected com knock off This project is aimed to understand the influence of remnant tenores on the degenerate reverse of ring dyers mign whiztteed stain slight brace pipe up joints. In order to carry egress this study it requires an experimental drop failure info and a computer aided analysis of these provides. A impermanent element scheme allow be developed to simulate the balance essay in weld employ the experimental data.A Thermo-elasto-plastic analysis result be used to replicate the butt welded pipe joint and the correspondence stress will be determined. Residual stress that arises in welded joints by heating and cooling cycles during the welding process is a nonher major factor in have on failure of welded structures. weld residual stresses m ight lead to a drastic reduction in the weariness strength of welded elements. In multi cycle tire (N 106 cycles), the effect of residual stresses provoke be comparable to the effect of stress concentration.The effect of residual stresses on the fatigue life of welded elements ar significant as regards relieving harmful tensile residual stresses and int poleucing beneficial compressive residual stresses in the weld walk zones. The fatigue failure can be classified in to two categories based on the depend of cycles interpreted to fail. A. High cycle fatigue High-cycle fatigue is when the number of cycles to failure is large, typically when the number of cycles to failure, Nf is greater than 103. B. Low cycle fatigue Low- cycle fatigue is when the number of cycles to failure is small, typically when the number of cycles to failure, Nf is less than 103.III. RESIDUAL STRESS ON WELD Residual stresses can be delimit as the stresses that retain within a genuine or body subsequen tly manufacture and material processing in the absence of external forces or caloric gradients. They can also be p gat celluced by service lading, direct to inhomogeneous plastic deformation in the part or specimen. Residual stresses can be defined as either macro or micro stresses and both may be present in a component at any one time. They can be classified as macro instruction residual stress that develop in the body of a component on a get over larger than the grain size of the material.Micro residual stresses that vary on the scale of an individual grain. I. INTRODUCTION Welding has a number of detrimental cause on the structural integrity and in-service performance of the weldments. These detrimental effects be due to imperfections generate by the welding in the weldments, of which the structural shape change behavior, residual stresses and the weld solidification cracks ar reported to have very severe degrading effects on the mechanical strengths and possibly can lea d to catastrophic failure. toil is a type of fracture that occurs in welds that atomic number 18 subjected to changing or varying stresses over time. Fatigue is mainly caused by the environment in which the welded joints argon utilized. Fatigue fracture is a ductile fracture, and therefore occurs by non-uniform plastic deformation. Micro cracks and voids form subsequently a certain number of cycles and grow proportional to the number of cycles eventually grow large decent to overcome recovery mechanisms and move quickly to fracture. The rate of this crack nucleation is proportional to the frequency of the applied stress.II. FACTORS IN FATIGUE FAILURES Fatigue failures of welded joint are initiated by many factors, such(prenominal) as stress concentration, environment, loading and residual stresses. Stress concentration is mainly caused by the geometrical discontinuity and thus initiates fatigue crack at the locations of discontinuity. Stress concentration may also result from wel d defects and metallurgical discontinuity. Fatigue strength of weld component may also be significantly affected by the environment, such as oxygen, sulfur, and temperature.In auxiliary to the axial stresses in the pi crepusculeg systems reduction in fatigue life also takes place by multiaxiality of loading or stresses. Micro residual stresses that exist within a grain, essentially as a result of the presence of dislocations and other(a) crystalline defects. IV. CAUSES OF RESIDUAL STRESS Residual stresses are engenderd during most manufacturing processes involving material deformation, heat treatment, machining or processing operations such as welding, machining, grinding, and rod or wire picture etc.It is possible to classify the origin of residual stresses in the following way 1. 2. 3. Differential plastic hunt down Differential cooling rates Phase transformations with volume changes are one of the main factors leading to the insane asylum and propagation of fatigue cracks i n welded elements. The residual stresses in the welded joints are organise as the result of derivative instrument contractions which occur as the weld metal solidifies and cools to ambient temperature. In fact, welding introduces high heat foreplay to the material being welded.As a result of this, non-uniform heat dispersals, plastic deformations and phase transformations occur on the material. These changes generate different residual stresses patterns for weld region and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). Residual stresses induced by shrinkage of the molten region are unremarkably tensile. Transformation induced residual stresses will cause more critical phase transformations. When the effect of phase transformations is dominant compressive residual stresses are formed in the transformed areas.Tensile residual stresses are detrimental to the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. Weld fatigue failure is often particularly sensitive to residual stress due to stress concentrati ons induced by the weld joint geometry and weld imperfections. Welding residual stress acts as a booster to the fatigue problem. Hence, crack growth rate becomes considerably higher in the weld vicinity compared to that far from weld. The fatigue failure mechanism in the presence of weld residual stress is not well soundless and it is the intent of this project to explore this mechanism.However, to quantify the effects of welding residual stresses in the design stage, one has to numerically simulate its distribution and redistribution and possible relaxation in a structure due to cyclic loading. This requires the need for a robust, reliable and numerically efficient method for modeling residual stresses. Previous studies reveals that depending upon imagine stress, stress amplitude, and stress ratio of uni axial cycle stressing and two kinds of failures ratcheting failure and fatigue failure. enrol 3.Explains the disagreement of ratcheting punctuate with stress amplitude. In w hich we shall see that stress increases apparently with the increase in nominal stress amplitude. It implies that the effect of nominal stress amplitude on ratcheting is more significant than mean nominal stress. The form of mean stress with ratcheting strain is explained in figure 4. In which we shall see that ratcheting strain also has an increase trend with the mean nominal stress up to a particular limit. V. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUESWelding residual stresses are generated in a structure as a consequence of local anesthetic plastic deformations introduced by local temperature history consisting of a rapid heating and subsequent cooling phase. During the welding process, the weld area is het up up sharply compare to the adjoin area and fused locally. The material expands as a result of being heated. The heat expansion is restrained by the surrounding cooler area, which gives rise to thermal stresses. The thermal stresses partly exceed the yield limit, which is lowered at elevated temperatures.Consequently, the weld area is plastically hot-compressed. after(prenominal) cooling down too short, too narrow or too small comparing to the surrounding area, it develops tensile residual stress, while the surrounding areas are subjected to compressive residual stresses to maintain the self-equilibrium The distribution of residual stresses in a welded pipe is more complex, Fig. 1 shows the possible expansion and shrinkage in a butt welded pipe. In this case, shrinkage of the weld in the circumferential direction induces circumferential force, F, shearing force, Q, and bending moments, M, to the pipe.Figure. 2 shows a characteristic residual stress profile on a low carbon make welded component. to a fault the distribution of residual stresses in a pipe is affected by many factors such as diameter, wall thickness of the pipe, weld geometry, and welding procedure. From the graphical plot we shall see that the muckimum value of the harmful residual stress is intimate ly 360 N/mm2 (tensile stress) near the welding line and it decreases to be about 165 N/mm2 at the distance of 80 mm from the welding axis.The minimum residual stress is about 90 N/mm2 near the welding line and it becomes about 60 N/mm2 in compression at the instance of about 60 mm, then it reduces to about 10 N/mm2 in tension at 80 mm distance from the axis. Such high tensile residual stresses are the result of thermoplastic deformations during the welding process and A. Sample Used The material used for the study is unblemished steel material of grade SS304. The material is chosen because of its following properties. It has an excellent corrosion guard in a wide range of atmospheric environments and many corrosive media.Considering its heat resistant property it is not suitable to use in a range of 425-860C if subsequent aqueous corrosion resistance is important. This material has excellent weld ability by all standard fusion methods, both with and without makeweight metals. Weld ing of 304 can be done with Grade 308 and 308L rods or electrodes (and with their high silicon equivalents). Heavy welded sections in Grade 304 may require post-weld annealing for maximum corrosion resistance. Tensile Strength (MPa) min 515 get Strength 0. 2% Proof (MPa) min 205 Elongation (% in 50mm) min 40 Rockwell B (HRB) max 92 Brinell (HB) max 201D. Finite element analysis Most of the residual stress studies were conducted based on either axi symmetric or 2D plane assumptions due to the limitations of the finite element codes and computer resources on hand(predicate) during the time of the study. Moreover, the thermo-mechanical problem was assumed to be uncoupled where the thermal and mechanical responses were treated separately. Furthermore fatigue failure usually initiate at the stress concentration area and fatigue loading is usually not axi symmetric, and hence a two dimensional model can not simulate the fatigue failure response of weld joints accurately.In order to simu late the fatigue response of welded joints in the presence of residual stresses, it is essential to conduct a 3-dimensional analysis. Figure 5. Illustrates the solid and FE model of the specimen take AND DISCUSSION 3D finite element fatigue response analyses for a socketwelded joint were performed by using ANSYS. This is needed in order to include the calculated residual stress and strain fields as the initial stresses and strains in the fatigue analysis. A fixed boundary condition at the socket end is imposed.Same finite element mesh and the material model used in the residual stress analysis, are curtail to be used in the fatigue analysis. The following are some of the discussions we found out after the comparative experiments on Fatigue machine and computer aided simulation. High tensile residual stresses, at or above the yield stress level, exist near the weld toenail area, especially at the weld start/stop location. The magnitude of the residual stresses reduces quickly as t he distance from the weld toe increases. The residual stress distribution does not change much when the slip-on gap in the socket weld joint is reduced to zero.Hence, the increase in fatigue life of socket welds with no slip-on gap is unrelated to residual stress. The improvement in fatigue life may come from the change in failure mode, which in turn, may be influenced by the change of the external load stress or strain distribution. REFERENCES 1 Guozheng Kang, Yugie Liu, and Zhao Li Experimental study on ratchetting-fatigue interaction of SS304 stainless steel in uni-axial cyclic stressing global journal of Materials Science and engineering, tawdriness 435, 2006, Pages 396-404. N. S. Rossini, M. Dassisti , K.Y. Benyounis, A. G. Olabi Methods of measuring residual stresses in components International journal of Materials and Design, Volume 35, 2012, Pages 572588. Y. Kudryavtsev and J. Kleiman Fatigue of Welded Elements Residual Stresses and Improvement Treatments Integrity Testin g Laboratory Inc. 80 Esna Park Drive, Units 7-9, Markham, Canada presented paper in the social class 2005. Z. Barsoum Residual stress analysis and fatigue of multi-pass welded tubular structuresInternational journal of Engineering Failure Analysis, Volume 15, 2008, Pages 863874. M.Farajian-Sohi, Th Nitschke-Pagel, K Residual stress relaxation in welded joint under static and cyclic loading Issued from International Centre for Diffraction Data 2009 ISSN 1097-0002. Grade 304 Table. 1 Mechanical property of SS grade 304 elastic band modulus (Gpa) 193 Thermal conductivity (W/m. K) 16. 2 Specific heat (J/kg. K) 500 Electrical resistivity (ohm) 720 Grade parsimony (kg/m3) 304 8000 Table. 2 Physical property of SS grade 304 B. Stainless steel welding Methods There are three methods of stainless steel welding which are preferred over the rest.Metal neutral Gas (MIG) welding, Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, and Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). Stainless steel welding requires a min more finesse than welding mild steel or aluminum, because heat is an enemy in this process. Also the fumes made from any of these processes are very harmful, and great care must be taken to avoid breathing them. TIG welding utilizes a tungsten welding electrode, a filler metal rod and an inert gas to shield the weld. This welding method requires little or no post-weld finishing. The tungsten point in time in the welding torch is touched to the material to be welded.This creates an arc that the welder dips the filler metal rod into and allows it to melt into the welding puddle. The shielding gas prevents contamination from entering the weld and allows the weld to flow out smoothly. Heat is controlled through a foot switch. So the suggested welding method is TIG welding. C. Fatigue test screw welded piping joints were tried and true in a cantilever setup. In these test the welded joint to be tested is located near the heavy and stiff support column. The fatigue loading cycle is app lied to the other end of the pipe using the actuator of a servo- hydraulic testing machine through a pin end fixture setup.The pin end fixture consists of a self-aligning ball bearing and a pin, which is snugly fitted to the ball bearing and tightly attached to the end fixture. One of the pin end fixtures is tightly screwed to the actuator rod and the other welded to the specimen. 2 3 4 5 6 D. Akbari, I. Sattari-Far Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Effect of the welding heat input on residual stresses in butt-welds of dissimilar pipe joints International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Volume 86, 2009, Pages 769776. 7 B. Brickstad, B. L.Josefson A parametric study of residual stresses in multi-pass butt-welded stainless steel pipes International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Volume 75, 1998, Pages 11-25. Figure 3. Relation amid ratcheting strain with stress amplitude Figure 4. Relation between ratcheting strain wi th Mean stress Figure 1. Distribution of longitudinal lemniscus weld Residual stress on a butt welded pipe Figure 5. Solid model (a) and FE model (b) of welded pipe Figure 2. Distribution of longitudinal fillet weld on a carbon steel welded component Axial residual tress distribution in a buttwelded joint

King Duncan’s murder marks the beginning of MacBeth’s downfall Essay

Who good deal be held most trusty for this?In this essay I am going to be discussing who was mainly to blame for MacBeths downfall. I am going to be looking at Lady MacBeth, the Three Witches and MacBeth himself.Shakespeare wrote this play for queen throng 1. The moral of the play demonstrates respect for the King and how there would be chaos if his authority was disrupted. Shakespeare shows us this when King Dun bed is murdered, level(p) nature is upset horses go wild and start to attack each otherwise, owls shriek and many a(prenominal) more strange things happen. This idea would hit pleased King James because in Shakespearian times Kings and Queens believed that they were chosen by God to rule over a nation. The play illustrates that killing a King would be like disobeying Gods will.King James 1 was obsessed with magnetisees and Shakespeares use of them in MacBeth would strike pleased the King further. James believed that witches caused evil and they were the work of the devil. So when they come forth to MacBeth in the play, and could ultimately cause his downfall due to their predictions, the King would nurture sanction of this, and so approved of Shakespeares work.I am now going to discuss in further detail, how Lady MacBeth could be to blame for MacBeths downfall.Lady MacBeth first appears in the play speaking a soliloquy. This has a salient effect on the audience in that we mountain see inside her mid as she speaks. We catch the impression that she doesnt think that her husband is capable of ruling over Scotland. She thinks that he is too debilitated by saying, yet I do fear that thy nature is too full othmilk of human kindness. She also thinks that if MacBeth got to be king, he could and would only get there by going good, and this is non prepared to do any evil to get there. She says, What kB wouldst highly, thou wouldst thou holily wouldst not play false, and yet wouldst wrongly win.From her soliloquy we can learn that Lady MacBeth comes crossways as not really knowing her husband, and that she is mean and evil. The audience really get to see into her thoughts. tho we start to think, does she know the true MacBeth? as further on in the play she is not at all surprised by what her husband can do.In Act 2 Scene 2, we really begin to see the how Lady MacBeth can influence MacBeth and how unemotional she is. She finally persuades MacBeth to murder King Duncan, and by and by he has carried out the deed, she shows no remorse and no emotion to MacBeth when he is worried. She says that if Duncan hadnt reminded her of her father, she would have killed him herself, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. However, here we see that she does have some kindness, but it wasnt enough for her to stop Duncan from being killed. She is ultimately evil and nothing can deter her from it.In the same scene she goes on to say that MacBeth shouldnt worry intimately what they have done, These deeds must not be thou ght of after these ways so, it will make us go mad. This is significant in the play, as in the end, Lady MacBeth does herself go mad. She starts to sleep take the air and tries to wash imaginary blood off her hands. In the end her guilt gets too much for her and she kills herself.I think that Lady MacBeth cannot be blamed for MacBeths downfall. She did contribute to some of it, as she emotionally blackmailed him into doing her work. The other murders that MacBeth committed, they were on his own and Lady MacBeth had nothing to do with them. We could maybe say that she started him off with the realisation that he could actually kill King Duncan when MacBeth told her about the witches. scarcely MacBeth already had the thought of murder in his show before she verbalize anything to him.In Shakespearian times all of the audience of MacBeth would have believed in witches. Witches symbolised the devil. pile thought that they were a source of evil, and so they were very superstitious ab out people acting otherwise.In MacBeth, Shakespeare introduces the witches as being very strange characters. He describes the, as, so withered and wild in their attire, that look not like thinhibitants othearth, by each at once her choppy finger laying upon her skinny lips you should be woman and yet your beards forbid me to project that you are so.From this we can create a picture in our minds of very wild and eldritch looking women. In Shakespearian times if anyone had looked like this they would have been branded as a witch and killed.When MacBeth and Banquo first meet the witches they are returning home from a victorious battle. The witches give them both predictions. To MacBeth they say, in all hail MacBeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail MacBeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail MacBeth, that shalt be King hereinafter. The witches dont give MacBeth bad predictions they just tell him what will be in the future. encourage on in the play, MacBeth returns to see the witches, forcing the, to tell him more predictions. They make apparitions appear to MacBeth.The first apparition, an armed head, enters and says, MacBeth, MacBeth, MacBeth heed MacDuff, Beware the Thane of Fife.The second apparition, a bloody baby, now appears and says Be bloody, bold and resolute laugh to lour the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm MacBeth.Finally the third apparition appears, a child crowned with a tree in his hand, and says to MacBeth, Be lion melted, proud and take no care, who chafers, who frets, or where conspirers are. MacBeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to High Dunsinane shall come against him.In all of the predictions that the witches and the apparitions have told him they have not actually mentioned murder. The witches cannot be blamed for the murder of King Duncan and MacBeths downfall. It was a personal pickax of whether to act upon or ignore the predictions. Banquo chose to ignore them and never think of their evil again, whereas MacBeth decided to make undisputable that they came true.Shakespeare makes the witches look bad because they were what started MacBeth off with thinking he could be something greater than he already was.But the witches did seem to find great delight in MacBeths downfall. They could be said to be processed evil. They put thoughts into MacBeths head without the audience really realising it. I think that the witches planned all of this to happen. They wanted to think that they would have some part in MacBeths downfall. If they hadnt of gone to him and said that he could be King, MacBeth would never have thought of it and he would never have broken down.The role of the witches was to get up temptation, extract and opportunity.Shakespeare was trying to get the message across that things shouldnt always be thought upon. We can see this by how MacBeth was brought down from listening to the predictions, and Banquo wasnt caught up in it all because he chose to depart about them.MacBeth, however, can be blamed for his own downfall. At the start of the play he is visualised as being a hero by the Captain, For brave MacBeth well he deserves that name disclaiming circumstance with his brandished steel which smoked with bloody execution, like valours minion carved out in his transit. King Duncan goes on to say, O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman. With what the Captain and the King say about MacBeth, we get the impression that we should look up to and think highly of him.When MacBeth first meets the three witches, he is befuddled by how they look. When they tell him their predictions he wants them to tell him more, Stay, you imperfect speakers. Tell me more. He likes what they have said to him and straight away we get to see a darker side of him, My thought, whose murder yet is but antic shakes so my single state of man that function is smothered in surmise, and nothing is, but what is not. This shows that MacBeth has an image or pict ure of murder in his mind. The thought of murder is already there.Ultimately MacBeth had the choice to either kill or not kill Duncan, and he chose to. He did it because he wanted to, even though there was influence. But MacBeth was a strong man and could have said no. In the end temptation took over and he acted upon it he murdered King Duncan.MacBeth showed real evil by doing this evil that was already inside of him, it couldnt have been put there by somebody else, no issuance how persuading they are. But Lady MacBeth and the Three Witches triggered this evil off. It made MacBeth go from a bold, valiant soldier, to a cold blooded killer.Shakespeare has put across the moral question, why is there evil and suffering in the world?. He has answered this by showing how people can just change when they are confront with temptation and opportunity opportunity to be something bigger than they already are. He shows that most people can never be happy with what they have and that they s trive to have something bigger and better no matter what they have to do, and who they have to hurt to get there.

Steel Making Methods

Steel Making Methods Advantages Disadvantages Basic Oxygen Furnaces * truly broad(prenominal) production rates and low residual element * Does non burn fuel * bully efficiency requires large number of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering transit due to postgraduate levels of pollutants constructd. * High refurbishing cost. * High dependence on blast furnace/coking. Electric Arc Furnaces * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap non needful. * Easy temperature control. * Precise exclusivelyoying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. * Excessive galvanizing energy mandatory. * Requires a steady supply of scrap metal * High transportation cost * Enclosures to reduce high sound levels * Dust collectorfor furnace off-gas * Slag production * Cooling pissing demand * Heavy truck traffic for scrap, materials handling, and product The first step in the process, is t o make the vane itself. The most common regularity of steel do, constituting for all all over 60% of worldwide production uses a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). This process includes taking over 75% pig iron and reducing it to a low-carbon steel in an abundance of oxygen.The support type utilises Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs). This involves melting up to 100% recycled scrap and reforming it utilise the high temperature produced from electrical arcs between highly charged electrodes. encounter 2 (right & below) EAF work Figure 2 (right & below) EAF Process Figure 1 (left) BOF Process Figure 1 (left) BOF Process From the table above it is clear to see that without an established, impelling transport system that allows for large amounts of scrap metal to be processed, the Basic Oxygen Method has less disadvantages.However, as TATA Steel already has an efficient system in place, the most feasible method would be using Electric Arc Furnaces. Despite initial costs, using EAFs sav e on energy and painful materials, making it more environmental and cost friendly in the long run. Whilst a typical combine (ie. BOF-route) steel mill today costs about $1100 per tonne of installed capacity, a medium-size EAF-route mini-mill today costs below $300 per tonne in terms of the initial capital outlay. 1 Casting Methods The next be in the process is to shape the steel and this is d peerless by hurl.Casting involves allowing molten metal to be poured into a mould to it can cool and solidify into a desired shape. The two most common methods of feigninging argon block of metal Casting and day-and-night Casting. The first of which is a traditional method that has largely been discontinue in mass production since the 1950s. It involves moulding the steel into bars (or block of metals) before being reshaped and treated. Continuous casting however misses out the ingot phase and skips straight to having the metal in the form of slabs, billets or blooms for ulterior roll ing in the finishing mills.Figure 4 (left) Continuous Casting Process Figure 4 (left) Continuous Casting Process Figure 3 (left) Ingot Casting Process Figure 3 (left) Ingot Casting Process Because Continuous Casting is basically an evolved version of Ingot Casting, there are straightway little or no advantages of Ingot Casting. Continuous Casting is more advantageous because * Reduced general costs * Improved qualityof steel due to less variability in chemical report card both along the thickness and along the length and scratch has fewer defects. * Increased yield, since it is not necessary to crop the ends of continuously cast slabs. Reduced energy costsbecause the slabs are sent directly to wild rolling and do not require pits for reheating. Also, the thicknesses of continuously cast slabs are half the thickness of ingot castings and thus require lower energy for hot rolling. * Less pollution/emissions. * More amenability over the dimensions. Because of all this, the clearly logical method to use for mass production is Continuous Casting because for something as mass produced as Automotive Gears, the initial investment spent on start up costs would be quickly made up.Case Hardening Methods Case hardening crucial for steel constituents that are subjected to inexorable or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high make water situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components exterior without affecting its more malleable interior.For shifts, study hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is like to through hardening, which is the furnish hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less duc tile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core. There are some(prenominal) different aspect hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case prudence and wear resistance) the component gets.This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench media. Carburising This is a diffusion-based process used on low-carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon-rich environment at high temperatures, commonly between 870oC and 1010oC, for over a period of time until the carbon composition of the surface layer has chemically increased. At this stage the iron phase changes from ferrite to austenite, a state that is able to dissolve more carbon.The component is then allay in water or a oil based solution, which is a rapid cooling process that produces a hard surface layer, where volume expansion on the surface is great than the core thereby compressing the surface, locking the carbon atoms, transforming the iron phase to a martensitic state which ultimately improves its overall tractile and yield strength. This method requires the entire component to be heated and quenched, therefore protecting the component with a protective layer to case harden specific sections is necessary.There are two types of carburizing methods used in the manufacturing industries, to wit atmosphere carburizing and vacuum carburising, the former being the more commonly used as it has the ability to produce high volume output and has lower capital equipment costs, while vacuum carburising offers a more uniform case abstruseness which in turn reduces distortion as well as the ability to r each(prenominal) higher temperatures therefore reducing processing times. Induction Heating This is a process of passing an alternating(a) current throug h a coil around the component to generate a magnetic field, where construction currents are induced.This along with the resistivity of steel components generates heat, austenitising the surface of the component. The depth to which case hardening occurs is determined by the frequency of the current, such that lower frequencies creates a deeper hardened material. This method allows for localised case hardening of the gear tooth with its core material still unaltered. The gear surface is then similarly quenched in water or an oil based solution, transforming it to a martensite.Single-shot hardening is where the entire component is heated in one procedure whilst progressive hardening involves the heating and quenching processes progressively. Induction heating is a relatively tumultuous process that offers accurate heating at precise sections, minimising distortion as well as causes borderline changes to the geometry of the gear, as well as faster cooling rates that creates harder su rface layers. Figure 5 (left) Carburising Process Figure 5 (left) Carburising Process Figure 6 (right) Induction Heating Process Figure 6 (right) Induction Heating Process The Strength of Automotive GearsThe simplest method of calculating the strength necessary of any(prenominal) gear is to consider the maximum load on the tip of a single gear tooth. The Lewis equivalence can be used to calculate a relatively accurate minimum UTS needed from the steel tooth with non-complex dimensions. In the automotive industry, varieties of different steels are made specifically for different components in different vehicles. The steel grades used on conventional cars can generally withstand a minimum of 750MPa whereas motorsport and military vehicles are made with much more superior grades, some able to withstand up to 2050MPa.Hardenability Results Using SEP1664 The SEP1664 model can be used to find the hardness at a series of depths, following case hardening, for 11 different steel types. The Rockwell hardness (HRC) at a given depth is found using the following equating HRC=a0+a1mC+a2mSi+a3mMn+a4mP+a5mS+a6mCr+a7mMo+a8mNi+a9mAl+a10mCu+a11mN+a12mB+a13mTi+a14mV a0-14 are coefficients available in the SEP1664 tables and mX is the mass proportion of additive X. A spreadsheet was created which used a VBA macro to find steel compositions that met the hardenability criteria by trial and error.Several percentage masses for each additive within the range specified by the SEP1664 tables were tested. Solutions were sorted in order of increasing huffy material cost. This macro was run for each of the 11 steel types. Three steel types were found to be too hard. Of the remaining eight, there was sufficient data to evaluate hardness at all the required depths for four. For the other four it was possible to infer from the hardness trend that steel could be produced which was suitable for all depth levels.The cheapest result was for the steel type specified as being approximately 1% chro mium by mass (tables 1a and 1b from the SEP1664 model) at $161. 67 per tonne. For this alloy the hardness at 11mm depth was borderline acceptable. The additives making the greatness contribution to hardness were determined so they could be varied to give a greater margin for error. The importance of each additive at each depth could be found from the equation by multiplying the coefficient by the additive amount (i. e. evaluating the relevant anmX term) and calculating its percentage contribution to the total hardness.The trinity most important additives for each depth level and the relative importance of the different additives at 11mm depth are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Table 2 The Three close Important Additives In Terms Of Contribution To HRC For Each profundity Importance 1. 5 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 20 25 30 1 C C C Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr 2 Mn Cr Cr C C C C C C C C 3 N Mn N Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Table 3 Relative Additive Contributions To HRC At 11mm Depth C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Cu N 40. 1% 0. 7% 13. 9% 0. 0% 0. % 40. 6% 0. 0% 0. 1% 4. 3% 0. 2% 0. 0% Adjusting the appropriate additives gave a greater margin for error for a small increase in cost ($2. 32 per tonne, total cost $163. 99 per tonne). The composition of this steel is shown in Table 3. A plot of HRC against depth is shown in Figure 1 along with the hardenability criteria, it can be seen that the hardness, which tends to decrease with depth following case hardening, is very unlikely to exceed the stipulated maximum hardness at the depths for which data is unavailable, no minimum hardness is stipulated for these depths.A Jominy test is recommended on a sample of this steel, once it has been manufactured, to ensure that the hardenability criteria are met. The amount of carbon, chromium and manganese must be controlled to within 3% of the given values, tight control is not necessary for other additives. Table 4 Chosen Steel Composition Additive C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Al Cu N count 0. 248% 0. 02% 0. 63% 0. 004% 0. 038% 0. 947% 0. 005% 0. 010% 0. 051% 0. 017% 0. 0148% Figure 7 Hardenability Curve For Chosen Steel (Blue) And Cheapest Steel (Red), The Criteria Are Shown In total darkness