Friday, December 27, 2019

Analysis Of Bless Me Ultima - 1325 Words

It can be argued, as human beings, we are students of life, and death is one of the hard lessons that we will encounter. Our faith is not a fixed concept, it is affected by a convergence of factors and events in our life. A person’s faith is a complex and differs from one person to another, but one thing is for certain, it affects how we look at life and how we approach life. Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima divulges into the life an inquisitive six year old Antonio as he transitions from a young boy to a man and becomes cognizant of life’s tragedies. His inquisitive nature that persists to understand himself and his world bears an internal struggle that leaves a rift of ambivalence that mentally tears him between opposing ideals.†¦show more content†¦He still goes back to the idea of his preordained future in priesthood. Anaya also uses symbolism to show the stark contrast between the â€Å"stain of blood† and the â€Å"sweet waters of my river. The idea that Lupito’s blood was spilled as a result of his impure and sinful actions is now tainting and defiling the purity and sanctity of water could be paralleled to Antonio’s innocence defiled and diluted by the horrors he had just witnessed. Arguably, Lupito’s death is an unjustified persecution of an ill man. His actions—actions that he was not completely conscious of—stemmed from the horrors of war which brings about the question of justice. Why would God let this man—a man not fully conscious of his actions—be held responsible, punished, and persecuted? The second death that Antonio witnessed furthered his negotiation with faith and caused him to question God’s fairness. Narciso’s death permeated Antonio’s vision of a just God. Antonio questions how a compassionate God could co-exist with the presence of evil. During his life, Narciso was vilified and alienated. Tenorio’s killing of Narciso is an example of an archetypal Good versus Evil situation. Tenorio, the nefarious manifestation of all that is evil, condemned Narciso, a misunderstood but ultimately, a good man, to his death. He looks to God for Narciso’s salvation. â€Å"I knew what I had to pray. I had to pray an Act of Contrition for his departing soul†¦ IShow MoreRelatedThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1580 Words   |  7 Pages Thematic Analysis of Conflicts in, Bless me, Ultima Differences in others aid to the stimulation of ideas and opinions that expresses an individual s personality. In Rudolfo Anaya’s bildungsroman, Bless Me, Ultima, the struggle between two families and their extreme differences cause numerous conflicts that are constantly present throughout his novel. In this chicano inspired novel, Antonio Marà ©z, the six year old protagonist, is perpetually faced with instances of dissimilarity throughoutRead MoreAnalysis : Bless Me, Ultima 1636 Words   |  7 PagesSpring and Bless Me, Ultima respectively. The effect and response Rachel Carson wanted to create within the audience was better illustrated in Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me, Ultima as they both hoped to evoke an empathetic and intersubjective relationship with nature. While Silent Spring was groundbreaking and effectively created a culture of environmental awareness, Carson objectified nature by showing the horrid consequences we face by not taking care of nature. On th e other hand, Bless me, Ultima’sRead MoreBless Me Ultima Analysis1203 Words   |  5 PagesMora and the novel, â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima†, by Rudolfo Anaya portray the curandera in different and similar ways. The literary works consist of common characteristics and qualities that the curanderos possess irrespective of the different genders. In both poems, the curanderos are knowledgeable. Besides, they have a close connection with nature, and the people from their towns respect them greatly. Bless Me, Ultima is Anaya’s first novel in which he describes the curandera, Ultima and the protagonistRead MoreBless Me, Ultima Literary Analysis714 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya Literary Analysis Throughout the context of â€Å"Bless Me Ultima,† it is evident that there are many motifs and examples of dichotomy. I believe that Anaya uses the previously mentioned elements of literature in order to provoke his readers’ thinking and help embody a struggle of understanding the world we live in. Motifs in this novel include: family, dreams, religion, education, and the list continues. For examples of dichotomy, the idea of good versus evil isRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1447 Words   |  6 PagesThematic Analysis of Bless Me, Ultima Bless me, Ultima is a book taking place in the 1940’s during world war ll in New Mexico, it is about a young boy named Antonio who is being torn this way and that by his mother, a Luna who wants solely for her son to become a man of knowledge and a priest. His father a Marez vaquero (cowboy) who wants him to be free like all the Marez men before him. Both parents are polar opposites from each other the Luna’s who represent the moon are quite, religious farmersRead MoreAnalysis : Bless Me, Ultima 1488 Words   |  6 Pagesculture and ancient Hispanic culture, that argue and show the need for general indigenous beliefs through interrelations of the sources of life itself. This paper seeks to analyze the poetic coverage of the history of early indigenous culture in Bless Me, Ultima, by showing a detailed comparison of the transitional experiences of early native people to Antonio. Indigenous natives of the American land have experienced transitional experiences that range from the first encounters with the colonial EuropeansRead MoreAn Analysis Of Bless Me Ultima831 Words   |  4 PagesBless me Ultima How or why did it become controversial? Rudolfo Anaya’s best novel Bless me Ultima had one of the greatest impact in the Latino community. The story is based on a youngRead MoreAnalysis Of Bless Me, Ultima 1618 Words   |  7 Pages Bless me Ultima Lap Syeda Ahmed Prompt 4 Mr. Amoroso pr3 September 27 2016 . Death in one’s life time is unavoidable. In a way those effected by death, die themselves but ultimately shed that part of their life to grow a new stronger and wiser layer in its place. Rudolfo Anaya shows this perfectly in his novel Bless Me, Ultima, with the use of his character Antonio. Anaya uses death as a catalyst to the solution for Antonio’s frustrations on religion. Each death showing significances to theRead MoreAnalysis : Bless Me, Ultima 1777 Words   |  8 Pageswith questions with no resolution. Our mind would wonder down bizarre paths but we go no further then what we know. Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless me Ultima proscribes that feeling when we are young our minds strive with curiosity to seek guidance to face the harsh reality of life in a manner we ourselves are prepared for when that time finally arrives. Rudolfo Anaya† Bless Me, Ultima’s† protagonist Antonio spiral down a treacherous path that he himself isn’t prepared at the slightest, but is carried underRead MoreAnalysis : Bless And Me Ultima 1456 Words   |  6 PagesAnaya developed in Bless Me Ultima. Death something so simple yet painful.We question it as if it were unnatural, when in reality what we’re questioning is our own thoughts we question the higher power that we were taught to believe in the moment we’re born. We question whether that higher being truly cares for us or are we just a game for it to pass the time. Does it truly punish those who were good people for fun or is there good reasoning behind it. Like Antonio from Bless Me Ultima who questioned

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Best Practices Of Campus Recruitment - 989 Words

Now that you are aware of the best practices of campus recruitment, it’s time to turn attention to the most effective strategies you should be using. By implementing the below three strategies, you can ensure greater outreach and more meaningful recruits. Using technology to your advantage Young people today are Internet-savvy and they use social media in a number of different ways. If your campus recruitment strategy doesn’t embrace technology and social media, you are unlikely going to receive high grades for your effort. When students are looking for information they often turn to social media platforms and ask for advice and tips from other people. It’s therefore crucial your business is present to provide this information and has a good network of people who can answer students’ needs. Ensure your social media strategy is appropriate and professional. You don’t want to create a strategy where you actively jump in on students’ conversations on social media, especially if they have nothing to do with recruitment or the field you operate in. You want to be available and engaging, but not be constantly messaging about your business, as this can quickly turn into harassing behaviour. You definitely want to have a focus on different social media channels, as each channel tends to attract job seekers in different way. An interesting study by Jobvite in 2014 found that 76% of social job seekers found their current job through Facebook. But when it came to asking help andShow MoreRelatedSlot Sharing Model For Campus Placements1380 Words   |  6 PagesSlot-Sharing model for Campus Placements in Professional Institutions-A Case study Abstract The number of professional institutions has grown manifold in the past decade. Though the academic process, the faculty qualification, the infrastructure are some of the components that decide the quality of the institution, it is ultimately the Campus recruitment, a crucial factor that builds the brand and reputation of professional institutions across India. The brand of the recruiter and the pay offeredRead MoreCampus Panhellenic Recruitment Committee : An Outline Of A Reployed Members1422 Words   |  6 Pagesall membership recruitment activities. Encourage the Membership Committee to keep these lines of communication open at all times. Contact the campus Panhellenic adviser annually to keep Kappa’s avenue of communication open with this campus official. Be an active member of the campus Panhellenic recruitment advisory committee and serve as a liaison for the chapter, campus Panhellenic and local alumnae. Be familiar with all current Fraternity, National Panhellenic Conf erence and campus membership resourcesRead MoreBuilding an Innovative Workplace –New Strategies in Gen Y Recruitment1457 Words   |  6 PagesInnovative Workplace – New Strategies in Gen Y Recruitment Executive Summary Introduction The purpose of this study was to uncover the elements of cutting edge, culturally competent global Gen Y recruitment strategies. For this study, JBC collected data from 50+ multi-national companies and current academic scholars. JBC then synthesized the most cutting-edge recruitment processes to create this report. This study is unique in that it examined current practices and theory across functional areas, includingRead MoreHow Effective Recruiting Can Contribute An Organization Success1376 Words   |  6 Pagesoperation for fulfilment of organizations’ objective. The policies and practices that Human Resources come out with, helps the organizations achieve their business goals and objectives by increasing the understanding and abilities of the workforces. Recruitment helps in creating a pool of prospective employees for the organizations, so that the right applicants for the right jobs can be selected from that pool. The objective of recruitment process is to get the requi red number of employees with proper qualityRead MoreInternational Student Retention Efforts : A Correlational Study1480 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges international students face and provide appropriate services to keep them enrolled. This qualitative study of international students in a North Eastern Tennessee university, will attempt to explore best institutional efforts to boost student retention, confirming that additional recruitment resources alone does not guarantee international student retention. Key words: Acclimation, Globally Interconnected Society, Internationalization, International Students TABLE OF CONTENTS AbstractRead MoreEssay about White Feather Corporation’s College Recruitment Program1654 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Feather Corporation’s College Recruitment Program White Feather Corporation (WFC) is a consumer products company that employs approximately 3,400 that has developed a college recruitment strategy. WFC human resources (HR) department determined that there was a need for 40 new college graduate hires. Marianne Collins a ten year employee of WFC was promoted to the human resources department and tasked with beginning the new college graduate recruitment effort. The first year that recruitingRead MoreThe Five Star Program : Chapter Report1690 Words   |  7 Pageschapter officers attend Kappa Leadership Conference (during odd years) or Convention (during even years). †¢ For the first three years, a new chapter receives leadTODAY, a leadership development event for the entire chapter that is centered on The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership. This program is facilitated by Fraternity staff and volunteers. †¢ The Vice President-Organization, with support from her adviser and the District Leadership Development Specialist, p lans officer transitions and LeadershipRead MoreWipro Hrm Policy1111 Words   |  5 Pagesa set of policies, programmes and practices designed to maximize both personal and organizational objectives. OBJECTIVES OF WIPRO HRM: * Effective utilization of the available human resources. * Organizational structure of relationship. * Development of human resource and rewarding them. * Compatibility of individual goals with those of the organization. * Maintain high morale of the employees. ACTIVITIES OF HRM * Recruitment. * Selection. * PlacementRead MoreA Decentralized System Of Forecasting Manpower1531 Words   |  7 PagesHR processes such as talent acquisition, attrition risk management, employee sentiment analysis, and capacity planning. Forecasting of HR Capacity and Recruitment Needs By predicting requirements for HR capacity and recruitment, TCS optimizes resource utilization and sustain appropriate growth and margins. HR managers develop plans for recruitment, training, and infrastructure development based on the same. Future requirements and the number of remaining employees are estimated based on predicted

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Why we should not talk during class free essay sample

A lot of times students disrespect the teacher in many ways. As high school students we are very stubborn and it takes a lot of warnings, maybe even a consequence, for us to be able to follow orders appropriately. One of the most common ways of a student disrespecting a teacher is talking during class, when they are not supposed to. Even when the teacher tells the students to stop speaking some of them will just completely ignore the teacher and not follow instructions, continuing their conversation. Talking to a classmate while the teacher is trying to teach or trying to finish something important is not good and disrespectful for many reasons, not only to the teacher but also for the rest of the class. One of the main reasons that talking in class while we are not supposed to is disrespectful is because the teacher is in charge of the class and we are supposed to follow directions correctly. We will write a custom essay sample on Why we should not talk during class or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teachers are there for them to help us but we need to cooperate and make it easier for the teacher to teach and for the student to learn. If a teacher has to tell the class to be silent more than three times there is a problem because that means that the students are totally disrespecting the teacher by not listening to her, choosing to just ignore her. Students should never ignore a teacher’s order during class because we are at school to learn and the people who are going to help us learn are the teachers, therefore, whatever they do has a legitimate reason and we should always see it in a good way. Another reason why it is disrespectful to talk during class is because there are some students in class that are trying to learn and by talking, we are interrupting their learning environments. When a teacher is trying to teach and a student interrupts the class talking to their friend the teacher has to stop the class to tell that student to stop talking; wasting class time that is valuable for some people. Even if the teacher is not teaching we need to realize the fact that the class is supposed to be a learning environment, not a place you go to talk to your best friend. Some people might be trying to read during some free time they get while the teacher is busy and by talking, we just make it harder for them to concentrate and we disturb their peace. Finally, by talking in class you are harming your own learning by choosing to waste time instead of actually trying to learn, you are pretty much just harming yourself. Talking during class affects the teacher, the people around you and yourself. Next time you feel the need to talk in class just remember that there are people in that class that are actually trying to learn new things and you will only be interrupting them. Have some respect for the teacher who is only there to help you accomplish your goals in life. In conclusion, you might think talking in class is okay because a lot of people do it but make sure you realize the people you are harming, including yourself.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Wimax vs Wifi Essay Example

Wimax vs Wifi Paper WiMAX or Wi-Fi: The Best Suited Candidate Technology for Building Wireless Access Infrastructure order to highlight that which technology will be better to build a wireless access infrastructure. The first part of the paper examines the both of these wireless technology in order to understand both technologies and their underlying concepts. Then, I have discussed some key characteristics to compare the both of these technologies. The last part concludes and presents a conclusion of which will be the best technology to build a wireless access infrastructure. II. OVERVIEW OF THE CANDIDATE TECHNOLOGIES. 2. 1 Wi-Fi The dream to network PCs and other devices without the cost and complexity of cable infrastructures has driven the rapid growth in the wireless market over the last few years. Wi-Fi is one of the wireless technology which appeared early in the wireless market. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802. 11 wireless local area network (WLAN) specification. Actually it was designed to be used indoors at close range for example home user and office environment. The main goal of Wi-Fi technology is to provide service for mobile computing device like laptop. But recently it is used for more services for example consumer device such as televisions, digital cameras, and DVD players. A user with a mobile computing device such as a laptop, cell phone, or PDA which is Wi-Fi enabled can connect to the global Internet when it is within in range of an access point. The region which is covered by one or more access points is called a hotspot. Hotspots can range from a single room to thousand of square feet’s of overlapping hotspots. Wi-Fi can also be used to create a mesh network. We will write a custom essay sample on Wimax vs Wifi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wimax vs Wifi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wimax vs Wifi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other [1]. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications [1]. Wi-Fi products can use different radio frequencies [2]: †¢ The 802. 11a standard uses 5 GHz in an AP-to-AP interlink. Abstract: This paper presents a description of the existing wireless technology Wi-Fi and WiMAX, and try to compare Wi-Fi (IEEE 802. 11) and WiMAX (IEEE 802. 16), with respect to which technology provides a better solution to build a wireless access infrastructure. Each technology is evaluated based on some key characteristics. This paper concludes with a statement of, which technology will be the best and most cost effective solution to end user. I. INTRODUCTION With the help of many expert communication engineers IEEE has developed various wireless standards in a hierarchical fashion. Some of the deployed wireless standards are: 802. 15 (Bluetooth), 802. 11 (Wi-Fi), and 802. 16 (WiMAX) promoted by WiMAX forum. Recently a new standard, 802. 20 for WANs has been proposed, which is currently under development. Each of these IEEE standards has been deployed to fulfill certain criteria and they complement each other. IEEE 802. 11 also known as Wi-Fi standards has had a lot of commercial success, for this reason now the focus of wireless networking shifting to the wide area market. Wi-Fi has been optimized to address the requirements for home or office connectivity but the wide area market is still open to grabs. So to grab the market the low cost wireless which appears is WiMAX, short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is positioned as solution for outdoor and long-range last-mile solutions. Many service providers had adopted this technology as a quick and cheap option to provide connectivity between access points or base stations and their backbone network. The main goal of WiMAX is to provide cheap and fast connectivity of both voice and data communication to remote and difficult terrain locations. With the increasing market demand for WiMAX, it is now regularly compared with Wi-Fi. While both technologies have some identical technical characteristics, however they are approaching the wireless space from completely different perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical and market comparison of Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies in Figure 1: Wi-Fi Network ? The 802. 11b and 802. 11g standards use 2. 4 GHz. Different frequency bands are used by the 802. 11a, 802. 11b and 802. 11g standards; Different devices using these different frequency bands do not interfere with one another. However, portable devices using different bands cannot communicate with each other, for example an 802. 11a radio cannot communicate with an 802. 11b radio. The most commonly used standard in the Wireless LAN are the 802. 11b and 802. 1g standards because of their interoperability and the greater range option that they achieve in the 2. 4-GHz band. Each standard also use different types of radio-modulation technology, which is as follows [2]: †¢ The 802. 11b standard uses direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and supports bandwidth speeds up to 11 Mbps. †¢ The 802. 11a and 802. 11g standards use orthogonal frequency di vision multiplexing (OFDM) and support speeds up to 54 Mbps. Because OFDM is more suitable to outdoor environments and interference, that’s why it is commonly used for Wireless LAN infrastructure. 2. 2 WiMAX: IEEE standard 802. 6, also known as WiMAX, is a technology for last-mile wireless broadband as an alternative to cable and DSL and where the cost is high. It’s intended to deliver high speed data communication, and it also has the ability to maintain dedicated links and VoIP services at a reliable and high quality speed. Figure 2: WiMAX Network Not only it supports â€Å"last mile† broadband connectivity to individual home or business locations but also its data rates are comparable with cable and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) rates. Many telephone companies also desire that WiMAX will be a replacement for their aging legacy wired networks. In fact, it is looked as the wireless replacement for a wired broadband connection. WiMAX has the ability to allow a subscriber to connect to a wireless Internet service provider even when they roam outside their offices or homes. With the large coverage range and high data transmission rate WiMAX’s attributes open the door of the technology to a variety of applications. WiMAX can be used as a backbone for IEEE 802. 11 hotspots for connecting to the global world, as well as a subscriber can connect WiMAX enabled mobile devices such as laptops PDA or cell phones directly to WiMAX base stations without using IEEE 802. 11. Currently many service providers, providing a DSL or T1/E1 service for a business customer to a relatively remote location or outer suburbs can take several months and the cost associated with it is very high. With the help of WiMAX, a service provider can provide that service in a short time and in a very cost effective way [3]. One of the main application of the WiMAX is that it can be used in disaster recovery scenes where the wired networks have broken down. In recent many disasters, WiMAX networks were installed to help in recovery missions [4]. Similarly, WiMAX also be used as a backup links where the traditional wired links breaks. WiMAX mainly operates in two frequency ranges. One is high frequency, which is between 11 – 66 GHz and another one is low frequency, which is sub 11 GHz [3]. Line-of-sight is very essential when operating in the high frequency range. This frequency range allows this wider channel, resulting in very high capacity links. For the low frequency range (sub 11 GHz) non line-of-sight is essential. WiMAX, with a theoretical data rate of 70 Mb/s in 20 MHz channels (2-11GHz spectrum) , allows a few hundreds of DSL connections but it operates up to 124Mbps in the 28MHz channel (in 10-66GHz), [5]. The maximum range WiMAX, covered is about 50 km [5]. But in practice this range may be decrease to 20 km and even 8 km when there are obstacles [5]. 3. 1 Efficiency Efficiency of wireless technology is measured in terms of bandwidth and latency. Efficiency is a major issue to determine what type of applications can be run on a network. A lessbandwidth network only feasibly for small application and normally support simple data application for example transferring text files. A higher bandwidth network normally used for big application such as audio and video and many more powerful applications. Another major issue in case of real-time applications like voice is latency which is very much crucial issue. The maximum range of latency should not be more than 20 ms, anything higher than that be warring for establishing echo free wireless network. 3. 2 Maximum Range Maximum range is calculated from the obtained distance between the two base stations, and like cell phone another major issue must consider here that the technology must have the capability to support hand-off between base stations without loosing connection from the global world. Maximum coverage range is a major issue, the reason behind that, it determines how long a contiguous wireless area can be? Also, maximum coverage range of wireless technologys is very much crucial according to cost, since operators can reduce their initial capital expenditures if they can give the coverage of the same area with smaller number of base stations. 3. 3 Dependability Dependability is defined as how much a wireless technology is dependable to the end user. Whether end user think that is it reliable to use or not? Dependability measure with few important metrics like average number of packet loss, average number of disconnects of calls, and whether the wireless technology is hampered by environmental issues such as line of sight, weather, etc. Dependability is very crucial because some applications may require a reliable connection. If a connection is not dependable, in that case packets may loss and that affect the network for that reason the speed of the network will decrease. This would have certainly impact on the performance of any applications, hence decreasing the applications that will use on the wireless network. . 4 Security Today’s internet is open for all. And user exchange many personal data in internet. So normally end user wants security. Security is obtained from the level of encryption of the data and the authentication of the device is provided by each technology. For many applications such as exchanging bank information require a secure connection to transmit confiden tial information. Mainly the end user will not want to expose themselves and they also want that the secret information not being viewed by unauthorized individuals. That’s why security is needed in wireless connection. III. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY This paper focuses on the hypothesis that which wireless technology, WiMAX or Wi-Fi provides a better solution in the wireless access infrastructure. Whether one wireless technology provides a better solution than any other or whether a combination of technologies is needed to create the desired infrastructure. The key characteristics for which the most powerful next generation wireless technology (WiMAX and Wi-Fi) is evaluated in this research paper are: efficiency, maximum range, dependability, security, market issue and mobility. These six key characteristics are the standard issue which will be used to compare these two wireless technologies. 3. 5 Mobility Mobility is one of the major issues in case of building wireless access infrastructure. It is the speed of the mobile access point at which the technology can remain connected to the global world without losing packets or service interruption. Naturally, a wireless infrastructure environment needs to be mobile to provide connection to the end user at any place they visit. The network must sustain connection at vehicular speeds. 3. Market comparison The last characteristics to consider when evaluating wireless technology is a market. Actually the popularity of any technology is determined by the market. Mainly markets certify a technology whether it is accepted by end user or not. So based upon the market we can decide which technology is most attractive to the wireless world IV. Wi-Fi VERSUS WiMAX 4. 1 Radio Technology: WiMAX differs from Wi-Fi in the radi o technology sector. The IEEE 802. 11 WLAN standards describe four radio link interfaces that operate mainly in unlicensed radio band having range from 2. G to 5 GHz [9]. The WiMAX 802. 16a standard released in January 2003 operates between 2 GHz and 11 GHz [9]. The lower frequency bands support Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) for that reason customer unit need not be aligned with base station. Wi-Fi mainly operates in unlicensed frequency bands, but WiMAX can operate in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Within IEEE 802. 16a’s 2-11 GHz range, four bands are most attractive [9]: * Licensed 2. 5-GHz MMDS * Licensed 3. 5-GHz Band: * Unlicensed 3. 5-GHz Band * Unlicensed 5 GHz U-NII Band. 4. 1. 1 Radio transmission Modulation techniques: The IEEE 802. 1b radio link uses a technique direct sequence spread spectrum that is called complementary coded keying (CCK) for radio transmission [9]. Bit stream is mainly processed by a special coding and modulated with the technique called Quad rature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The 802. 11a and 802. 11g uses the radio link technology 64-channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) [9]. Here the bit streams is encoded on the 64 sub carriers using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), or one of two levels of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-, or 64- QAM) [9]. The IEEE 802. 16a specifies three techniques for radio link [9]: * SC-A: Single Carrier Channel. * OFDM: 256-Sub-Carrier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. * OFDM-A: 2,048-Sub-Carrier Division Multiplexing. Orthogonal Frequency 4. 2 Efficiency: Maximum channel bandwidth for Wi-Fi is 25 MHz for IEEE 802. 11b and 20 MHz for either IEEE 802. 11a or g networks [9]. The maximum bit rates it’s providing is 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi has latency in the range of 50 ms hence little bit higher latency. In WiMAX, the channel bandwidths are in the range of 1. 25 MHz to 20 MHz [9]. Basically there has been lots of confusion regarding the actual bit rate of a WiMAX channel. But many articles give a range in of 70 M or 100 Mbps, basically exact transmission rate depends on the assigned bandwidth of the channel. WiMAX have latency in between the range of 25 to 40 ms, quite considerable range. Now have a close look at the Bandwidth efficiency of the both technologies. Basically it is measured by the number of bits per second that can be carried on one cycle of radio bandwidth (i. e. bps/Hertz). Lets have a data rates supported on its 25 MHz channel (1 M to 11 Mbps), 802. 1b have bandwidth efficiency in between 0. 04 to 0. 44 bps/Hertz [9]. In 802. 11 a or g on its 20 MHz have a transmission rate from 6 M to 54 Mbps yields a bandwidth efficiency in between . 24 to 2. 7 bps/Hertz [9]. In case of WiMAX, for 70-Mbps transmission rate on a 14-MHz radio channel yields bandwidth efficiency up to 5- bits/Hertz [9]. Basically the bandwidth efficiency decreases when the tran smission range increases. 4. 3 Maximum Coverage Range: OFDM modulation has a high spectral effectiveness that why WiMAX ranges 8 km (NLOS) to 50 km (LOS) [5]. It handles many users who are widely spread out. Mesh topologies and smart antenna techniques can be used to improve the coverage. The OFDM designed for the BWA and main goal is to provide long range transmission. 802. 16 is designed for high power OFDM used to maximize coverage up to tens of kilometers [5]. In contrast, IEEE 802. 11 standard have a basic CDMA and OFDM approach with a quite different vision. It required very low power consumption of energy that whys it can support very limited range of coverage. It is mainly designed for indoor use. Optimize range of this technology is around 100 meters [5]. 4. 4 Security: One of the major issues that differentiate from Wi-Fi to WiMAX is security. It’s a major issue because it protects transmissions from eavesdropping. But security has been one of the major lacking in Wi-Fi, encryption is optional here. But better encryption techniques are now available some of the different techniques used are [9]: †¢ Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): An RC4-based 40- or 104bit encryption technique. †¢ Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): A new standard from the WiFi Alliance that uses the 40- or 104-bit WEP key. †¢ IEEE 802. 1i/WPA2: It is a IEEE standard which will be based on a more robust encryption technique called the Advanced Encryption Standard. WiMAX is designed for public network so security is very much crucial here. So all the data that is transmitted in WiMAX network is virtually encrypted. The main encryption technique that is used here is 168-bit Digital Encryption S tandard (3DES), the same encryption also used on most secure tunnel VPNs. There are also plan to include the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in WiMAX to maximize the security. 4. 5 Mobility Management Mobility management is supported by WiMAX. The latest IEEE 802. 16e is made for Mobile WiMAX. This standard supports mobile capability with the support of hand-offs capability, mainly for users when they moved between cells. Its support data rates up to 500 kbps, equivalent to the highest speed cellular offerings (e. g. Verizon Wireless’ 1xEV-DO service) [9]. Currently mobility management is not supported by Wi-Fi. But recently IEEE has begun to development of a roaming standard for Wi-Fi. However, WLAN switch vendors like Cisco, Aruba, and Airespace have developed their own proprietary hand-off protocols [9]. 4. Market Comparison Up to this point we have focused on technical issues here we consider, some market issues of these two products. Some market oriented works have been established for Wi-Fi service. The two examples are Wireless ISPs and Wi-Fi mesh networks. 4. 6. 1 Wireless ISPs (WISPs) The idea behind Wireless ISP (WISP) is to provide an Internet access service using WLAN technology and a shared Internet con nection in a public location designated a hot spot. TMobile and Wayport are currently providing this type of service [9]. But it have two problems, one is technical and another one is business oriented. From a technical viewpoint, to access the internet you have to be within the hot spot. From a business viewpoint, users have to pay monthly basis for the internet then the users have to be in the hot spot always to access the internet which is not a feasible solution. So markets of wireless ISP are in a threat now. 4. 6. 2 Wi-Fi Mesh Network Wi-Fi mesh networks are mainly used to support public safety applications and also to provide Internet access to end users. However, mesh technologies are not within the range of the Wi-Fi standards. 4. 6. 3 WiMAX Market The market goals of WiMAX not clear at the moment. But in a sense we can say that the major goal will be broadband wireless access or Wireless DSL. But it will succeed only if it provides lower cost service and also provide some extra features which the other broadband like DSL do not provide. WiMAX compatible chipsets first appeared in late-2004 by the Intel and consumer devices costing $100 or less [9]. But in case of WiMAX, before investing in this field, they have to think and analyze that whether they have enough demand in the market or not. 4. 7 Quality of Service (QoS) Wi-Fi is based on a contention based MAC (CSMA/CA). Hence no guaranteed QoS is provided mainly it can support best offer services. The Standard does not permit for different service level for each user. There is a plan to incorporate QoS in the 802. 11-e standard. In this standard two operating modes will be included to improve service for voice one is Wi-Fi Multimedia Extensions (WME) and another one is Wi-Fi Scheduled Multimedia (WSM) QoS in IEEE 802. 16 is based on a request/grant protocol. Its support multiple QoS which is build in MAC. It is designed to supports different service levels such as ,T1/E1 for business and best effort to consumer. This protocol support delay sensitive services such as voice and video. The dynamic TDMA based technique allows the suitable support for multicast and broadcast. In the below the key difference between Wi-Fi and WiMAX is described Table:1 Comparison between IEEE 802. 11 and IEEE 802. 16 802. 11 (Wi-Fi) Primary Application Range Coverage and Wireless LAN 802. 16 (WiMAX) Wireless MAN mainly designed for broadband wireless Designed for outdoor NLOS performance Optimized for 50 km Mesh topology is supported MAC designed to support thousands of users Licensed and Unlicensed Band 2 GHz to 11 GHz Adjustable range from 1. 25 to 20 MHz